Capital One Case Study Essay

In shopper loaning, each item is developing a similar way as Visas toward enormous, national-scale consolidators supplanting neighborhood, up close and personal loaning. That advancement has occurred in charge cards. It’s well under route in vehicle money, home loans, and home value. Its coming all the more gradually in portion loaning. So shopper loaning, a significant piece of the benefit side of banking, is all streaming toward national consolidators like Capital One. - RICHARD D. FAIRBANK, CEO AND CHAIRMAN, CAPITAL ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATION’ Joined Kingdom, the Hfs Group, to reinforce its Global Financial administrations (GFS) auxiliary in the British market. As of April 2005, it had adequate liquidity ($21 billion) and capital ($9.2 billion)4 to empower its well known brand to venture into new markets and take advantage of the privilege lucky breaks for beneficial development. Despite the fact that the company’s obtaining of Hibernia in March 2005 gave it a chance to enter the quick creating Texas markets of Houston and Dallas, it may confront firm rivalry from other huge acknowledge organizations, for example, Citigroup and J.P. Morgan. Capital One Financial Corporation is a broadened bank holding organization, with a 2005 market estimation of $18.92 billion. It gives an extent of money related administrations through its principle auxiliaries Capital One Bank, Capital One FS.B. (which offers customer and business loaning and buyer store items), and Capital One Auto Finance Inc (COAF). From a little neighborhood bankcard backer in 1995, the organization has changed itself into one of the biggest budgetary foundations in the United States by continuallyâ introducing a constant flow of items. It highlights one of the most perceived brands in the business, which it influences alongside its procedures of direct promoting, chance examination, and data innovation to develop and differentiate into different organizations. Positioned 206th in the Fortune 500 rundown in 2005,2 the organization has been bit by bit changing itself from a Mastercard organization to an establishment that gives banking and other money related administrations to purchasers. By January 2005, it was the 31st biggest store establishment in the United States with $25.6 billion3 in enthusiasm bearing stores. Capital One has been on the way of expansion from the late 1990s and has made three acquisitions somewhere in the range of 2004 and 2005: Onyx Acceptance Corporation, eSmartloan, and Hibernia National Bank. It has likewise gained a home value business organization in the Capital One is the fifth biggest charge card supplier in the United States5 and probably the biggest guarantor of MasterCard and Visa Visas. It was established as an entirely possessed auxiliary of Virginia-based Signet Bank when Richard D. Fairbank, CEO and executive of Capital One, was welcomed by the bank to head its bankcard division. It started its tasks in 1953, that year MasterCard International was shaped. Fairbank and the previous bad habit administrator of Capital One, Nigel Morris, understood that conventional banks offered advances without concentrating on the clients like dissecting their hazard attributes. They concluded that by utilizing innovation and information mining strategies in the dynamic procedure of giving credit, the bank could charge the suitable loan costs all the more precisely and procure more noteworthy benefits. In 1994, Capital One was spun off from Signet as an open charge card organization and built up itself in McLean, Virginia. It had a first sale of stock of 7,125,000 portions of basic stock in the United States and Canada, at a cost of $16 per share,6 which was overseen by J.P. Morgan Securities Ine., Goldman, Sachs and Co. what's more, Barney Ine. It is a piece of the S&P 500 file, and furthermore exchanges on the New York Stock Exchange with the image COF ~ This case was composed by Susmita Nandi, under the heading of Sumit Kumar Chaudhuri, ICFAI Business School Case Development Center. It is proposed to be :;: utilized as the reason for class conversation as opposed to illustrateâ either successful or insufficient treatment of an administration circumstance. The case was incorporated from 25 distributed sources.  © 2005, ICFAI Business School Case Development Center. No piece of this distribution might be duplicated, put away, transmitted, recreated, or  © disseminated in any structure or medium at all without the consent of the copyright proprietor. Somewhere in the range of 1994 and 2004, the organization developed at a yearly compound pace of 29 percent/both as far as its EPS and the quantity of clients. In 2004, its income were $1.5 billion, and the EPS was at $6.21.8 At the finish of 2004, the organization and its auxiliaries held 48.6 million records and $79.9 billion9 in oversaw credits extraordinary, which developed by 12 percent ($8.6 billion) over the earlier year (see Exhibit 1). It had 17,760 workers in March 2005. The bank offers 7,00010variations of its MasterCard and Visa cards, every one is redone to speak to various client inclinations and needs by consolidating item highlights, for example, various foundations and hues, alongside differed yearly rate rates, credit cutoff points, expenses, and rewards programs. Capital One’s evaluating technique depends on the hazard level of its clients. It offers platinum and gold cards to its favored clients with brilliant record as a consumer and a wide scope of made sure about and unbound cards to clients with restricted or poor financial record. The organization additionally gives a scope of buyer items like vehicle finanCing, contract administrations, credit protection, and home-value advances. Customizations of Mastercards at Capital One are made with the help of its Information-Based Strategy (IBS), which uses advanced information mining procedures to coordinate its charge cards (its blend of loan costs, expenses, rewards, and different conditions) with focused clients dependent on their financial assessments, credit utilizes, and different parameters. IBS is the combination of one of the world’s biggest databases, data frameworks, a very much prepared group of investigators and analysts, and propelled scoring models. The company’s dynamic procedure is made effective by uniting showcasing, credit, hazard, and da ta innovation. It chooses its most beneficial clients and the fitting rate by utilizing the thorough testing of econometric and time arrangement models. The FICO scores of clients depends on the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores, which are utilized to foresee installment chance by taking a gander at a few factors, including record of loan repayment. The IBS framework utilizes FICO scores to isolate its clients into three gatherings of super-prime (with magnificent record as a consumer), prime (normal financial record), and sub-prime (with poor or almost no record). Using IBS, the organization has had the option to find a gathering of understudies who were excluded from the mailing arrangements of other Mastercard organizations in light of the fact that these understudies, for the most part jobless and next to zero records as a consumer, were viewed as high hazard. Capital One’s methodology of sending Mastercard applications, which were custom fitted to the requirements of these understudies, demonstrated compelling, as 70 percent of the applications were filled and sent back, in this way making another market for the organization. IBS has additionally helped Capital One maintain a strategic distance from clients who don't pay intrigue charges on advances. The charge-off rate (for awful obligation) of Capital One is the industry’s most reduced, and for 2004 was at 4.37 percent, contrasted with 5.32 percent in the earlier year. Capital One’s GFS section offers an arrangement of differing items to both residential and worldwide purchasers. In the residential market, the GFS portion incorporates portion loaning, social insurance money, contract loaning administrations, and independent venture loaning administrations. GFS has been on a development bend and in 2004, it represented 27 percent of Capital One’s all out oversaw credits, which are contained detailed advances and shaky sheet securitized advances. It likewise represents 14 percent of its income. Its universal portfolio fundamentally comprises of charge card business in the United Kingdom and Canada, esteemed at $8.2 billion and $2.4 billion,12 individually. Capital One is the United Kingdom’s seventh biggest charge card backer, and among the best ten of the equivalent in Canada. In January 2005, the organization finished the conventions to procure a British value financier firm called Hfs Group to fortify its situation in the Unit ed Kingdom. Albeit Capital One had property in France and South Africa, it left these business sectors because of absence of development openings. Capital One produced solid income and advance development again in 2004, as it has every year since its first sale of stock ten years prior. The organization is very much situated for proceeded with achievement in 2005 in both our Us. Visa and our developing and gainful broadening organizations. - RICHARD D. FAIRBANK, CHAIRMAN CAPITAL AND CEO, CORPORATION† ONE FINANCIAL Capital One developed at 30 percent14 (see Exhibit 2, on page 68) somewhere in the range of 1994 and 2004 by giving charge cards at alluring financing costs. A large portion of its business is led by means of post office based mail (garbage mail sales), despite the fact that it additionally advertises its items through TV and Internet (http://www .capitalone.com). It extended its Mastercard tasks in Canada, Europe, and South Africa in the late 1990s. Simultaneously, the organization additionally made vital advances toward broadening its portfolio by going into financing of cars and other engine vehicles, home loan and home value credits, protection, and other buyer loaning items. Albeit 60 percent of its absolute oversaw advances is in its charge cards business (see Exhibit 3, on page 68), the organization is bit by bit expanding its activities in different business fragments. In 1998, Capital One purchased Amerifee, an organization that gave financing to elective medical procedures, for example, orthodontic, vision, and restorative methodology. It turned into an entirely possessed auxiliary of Capital One in May 2001. Amerifee is a market head known for introdu

Management Report Project on Work Performance

Dynamic The goal of this exploration is to see whether there is any connection between's work execution and occupation fulfillment through an example investigation of deals staff working in various banks. Also, this examination looked to comprehend whether work fulfillment is connected to both work inspiration and employee’s saw style of authority by Managers. With the assistance of reviews and meetings led with the members, it was built up that activity fulfillment was emphatically related with work profitability. Comparable exposition: Argyles Communication CycleWork inspiration and employee’s saw style of initiative were likewise settled as emphatically related with representative occupation fulfillment. These discoveries propose that to expand work efficiency, supervisors might be required to raise the degree of occupation fulfillment in representatives, which might be conceivably practiced by means of a participative way to deal with authority and viable inspiration of representatives. Be that as it may, as the examination is correlational in nature, the confinements of the ebb and flow look into are demonstrated being talked about. Writing ReviewRelationship between Job Satisfaction and Productivity The most-utilized research meaning of employment fulfillment is by Locke (1976), who characterized it as â€Å"a pleasurable or positive passionate state coming about because of the examination of one’s occupation or employment experiences†. There are different scientists and studies that help this thought of connection between work fulfillment and efficiency showing that associations expanding work fulfillment isn't just to profit its representative yet in addition for the association monetary advantages.As refered to by Edward E. Lawler, work fulfillment is identified with efficiency as this originates from a way objective hypothesis of inspiration that has been expressed by Georgopoulos, Mahoney and Jones, Vroom, Lawler and Porter. As per them, individuals are propelled to do things which lead to rewards that they esteem. For this situation, a way objective hypothesis would foresee that high fulfillment will prompt low turnover and non-attendance on the grounds that the fulfilled individual is propelled to go to work where his needs are being satisfied.As cited by Dailey and Kirk, 1992, work fulfillment and authoritative duty share a converse relationship with truancy and turnover expectation, factors that can pointedly cut main concern. Unfavorab le outcomes incorporate lower profitability and assurance, and greater expense of employing, maintenance and preparing. In this way, the converse remains constant whereby lower frequencies of non-attendance and turnover could prompt possibly higher commitment to hierarchical financial profitable gains.In an examination done by National Research Institute for one of the biggest Food Services suppliers in the United States, it was presumed that worker fulfillment was the reason for high representative non-attendance, precluding other unmistakable components. Discoveries demonstrated that low occupation fulfillment was obvious; the National Business Research Institute (NBRI) Root Cause Analysis showed that a hole existed among workers and the association's short and long haul objectives, vision, and mission.Proposed suggestions from NBRI incorporated a few measures to transfer the board's key designs to the most minimal positioned representative and guaranteeing every single employeeâ €™s day by day exercises were adjusted by such plans. From that point, ensuing representative review results indicated noteworthy increments on worker fulfillment, improving Total Company Employee Satisfaction dramatically.Employee Satisfaction Scores improved, from a Weakness (beneath the 50th percentile of the NBRI Normative Database) to being Strength (over the 75th percentile of the NBRI Normative Database) in just a half year. What’s more, worker non-appearance was decreased by over 60%. With this connection, Organ (1988) secured that the position execution and occupation fulfillment relationship follows the social trade hypothesis where employees’ execution comprise an offering back to the association from which they get their satisfaction.Recognising the way that low employment fulfillment prompts low profitability, thusly irritating authoritative execution, it is basic associations survey the quality of the connection between representative activity fulfill ment and efficiency level due to basic ramifications on updating certain parts of work. An examination was directed by Shanu and Gole (2008) on the fulfillment level of 100 chiefs from 15 private assembling firms. An occupation fulfillment instrument surveying territories, for example, acknowledgment, financial compensation, working conditions, nature of employment, and future progression was used.Then, these overview discoveries were contrasted and execution assessments done by officials of arranged organizations. In the wake of this, it was found that exhibition levels are steady with high fulfillment scores. This is compatible with a survey of 301 investigations, uncovering that activity fulfillment reinforces up work execution, with a higher tendency towards proficient employments, contrasted with less mind boggling occupations (see Saari and Judge, 2004). While there are studies to show this relationship, the current investigation was worried about whether work fulfillment is a ltogether connected with execution in the monetary aspect.In an examination directed on 42 assembling organizations, Patterson, Warr, and West (2004) found that-holding different elements like organization size, past profitability, and mechanical area steady efficiency (money related estimation of net deals per representative) is decidedly corresponded to work fulfillment In another investigation, Herzberg et al. (1959) expressed that (constructive) fulfillment is because of acceptable encounters, and that these are because of 'sparks' †accomplishment, acknowledgment, the work itself, obligation and advancement.Dissatisfaction is because of awful encounters brought about by 'cleanliness' factors †bosses, individual laborers, organization arrangement, working conditions, and individual life (Herzberg et al. , 1959). In this manner, it can't find out if work fulfillment is decidedly corresponded with financial efficiency or whether a converse relationship exists. The current examination tries to reaffirm discoveries from the majority of research for the idea that fulfilled workers are more work profitable. Connection among Motivation and Job SatisfactionThe level of execution of representatives depends on their genuine aptitudes as well as fair and square of inspiration every individual shows (Burney et al. , 2007). A persuasive structure, based on the reason of how representatives ought to be overseen, influences work fulfillment. Herzberg's (1959) two-factor hypothesis of inspiration ascribes ‘pay and advantages' to one of the cleanliness factors, in that the rejection of this causes work disappointment (Hugh Greenway and Tim Runacre, 2008). As Argyle (1989) clarifies, positive occupation atisfaction is because of inspirations, for example, accomplishment, acknowledgment, the work itself, duty, and headway, while disappointment is because of terrible encounters brought about by cleanliness factors, for example, pay, management, organization app roach, relations with individual laborers, and states of work. Lawler (1973) has a hypothesis known as disparity hypothesis which expresses that laborers measure work fulfillment dependent on what they get versus what they hope to get, and an examination wherein a real result level is lower than a normal result level would prompt disappointment (Castillo and Cano, 2004).However, in another hypothesis of inspiration known as value hypothesis, it expresses that inspiration is influenced by workers’ view of how reasonably they are being dealt with, with representatives assessing their sources of info/results by contrasting them and the data sources/results of others (Castillo and Cano, 2004; Luthans and Doh, 2009). On the off chance that the proportion of contributions to results is like the sources of info and results of others, value exists. Disparity exists when the proportion of contributions to results is inconsistent to the sources of info and results of others (Castillo a nd Cano, 2004; Luthans and Doh, 2009).Job fulfillment is then connected with the impression of value, while view of imbalance will bring about disappointment with this conviction negatively affecting employment execution (Castillo and Cano, 2004; Luthans and Doh, 2009). The regular components shared by the various speculations of inspiration are the ramifications of a requirement for compelling inspiration so as to make representatives happy with their employments. Castillo and Cano (2004) analyzing in a previous examination on 148 employees announced that the entirety of the activity spark factors distinguished by Herzberg (1959) were respectably or considerably identified with in general occupation satisfaction.Such discoveries shed light on how associations can upgrade profitability by considering arrangement of helpers, for example, acknowledgment or enhancing such inspirations in order to elevate work fulfillment. So as to achieve ideal benefits, it is important to find out the connection among inspiration and employment fulfillment through broad rummaging for considerable proof. In particular, the current examination will represent that presence of inspirations to push workers to go after hierarchical objectives favorably affects work efficiency by means of upgrade of employment satisfaction.Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction In an association, the presentation of staff isn't just influenced by inspiration and occupation fulfillment however it is additionally influenced by the authority style received by the association. Authority is characterized as a procedure through which others are affected to divert their endeavors toward accomplishing their objectives (Luthans and Doh, 2009). Authoritative initiative establishes the pace in the viability of associations, just as assumes an imperative job in work satisfaction.Positive cooperations among hierarchical pioneers and individuals offer ascent to common regard, trust, and the capacity to produce a feel ing of trust later on a truly necessary element for work fulfillment to bloom from

Indie Press Polis Launches Diversity-Focused Crime Imprint Agora Books

Indie Press Polis Launches Diversity-Focused Crime Imprint Agora Books As the year closes, crime fiction readers received news of an exciting new development in the indie lit world. Jason Pinter, founder of Polis Books, along with his recently named editor, Chantelle Aimée Osman, announced a new imprint: Agora Books. Designed to seek out some of the best in crime fiction and noir, Agora will focus on diverse voices, putting out between six and ten books per year. And we got to sit down to talk to Jason, Chantelle, their initial three authors…basically every damn person involved in this exciting new indie crime fiction imprint. Book Riot:  Let’s start with just a little background info. I’m interested, I guess mainly from Jason, how this all got started. Jason Pinter: I’ve been going to crime conventions for over a decade, both as a publishing professional and an author, and over the last few years it’s become increasingly clear that the demographics in attendanceâ€"both authors and readersâ€"were deviating further away from being an accurate representation of our communities at large. A lot of people have been talking about the need for change. And since I run a publishing company, I was in a place to be proactive and try to make a change from within. I felt that by starting Agora, by making it clear we wanted to be progressive about the importance of diversity in the genre, we would attract some incredible talent. And this is just the tip of the iceberg. Book Riot:  I’d love to hear about how Chantelle came onboard. She is obviously (because of her experience as an editor and sort of crime fiction curator over the past decade or so) a perfect fit for this particular project. So, to Jason, what all went into the editor choice? And, to Chantelle, this seems like the kind of gig that will sort of dominate your time. So as someone who’s had a lot of irons in the fire for quite a while, what is it about this project that made you want to commit? Jason Pinter: I’ve known Chantelle for a long time. She’s a fantastic editor, and has always struck me as someone who has her finger on the pulse of the genre and the community as a whole, and is also consistently in the trenches when it comes to taking pitches and meeting aspiring writers. She and I were on the same page about wanting to create change from withinâ€"and with Chantelle having already met several potential authors, I knew that if we combined the publishing capabilities of Polis Books with Chantelle’s publishing “street smarts,” we’d have a hell of a thing. Chantelle Aimée Osman: This is, without a doubt, a passion project for me, and something I’ve wanted to do for a while. As an editor, I have always loved discovering new and different voices, and now, through Agora, I will be able to seek them out and make sure these voices get a place on the shelf. Additionally, the opportunity to work with someone like Jason, who has such vast experience in publishing, and Polis, whose author list is already stellar, is really an honor. Book Riot: I want to invite each of the OG3 to give us your elevator pitch about the book we can watch for in 2019. So, John Vercher, Patricia Smith, and Tori Eldridge, in your own words, give us the capsule Tweetable summary of each of your books. John Vercher:  Three-Fifths is about a biracial Black man, passing for white, who is forced to confront the lies of his past while facing the truth of his present when his best friend, just released from prison, involves him in a hate crime. Patricia Smith: Remember tells the story of a young girls journey through the death of her mother and sister while dealing with a severe case of social anxiety disorder. Tori Eldridge: The Ninja Daughter is an action-packed thriller about a Chinese-Norwegian modern-day ninja with Joy Luck Club family issues who fights the Los Angeles Ukrainian mob, sex traffickers, and her own Hong Kong mother to save two desperate women and an innocent child from a violent land-grab scheme. Book Riot: All three of these are debut novels. Is part of your focus seeking out some debuts, such as these, which might have been overlooked elsewhere in the crime fiction world? Jason Pinter: Having three debuts on our inaugural list was a happy accident. There are many writers on our radar for Agora who are not, but at the same time having new authors in John, Patricia, and Tori felt somewhat karmic. We will continue to look for great new voices, but also veteran authors whose readership we could potentially expand. Chantelle Aimée Osman: I can’t wait to share John, Patricia and Tori’s debut novels with the world next fall. And, as Jason mentioned, we have a lot of other fantastic ideas in the pipeline, some first-time, some not. Our goal is to make sure that these voices don’t get overlooked, which is a large part of why Agora, like Polis, takes un-agented submissions. There are a lot of great agents out there, but sometimes it can be difficult for some out-of-the-box voices to reach their radar. Book Riot: To the writers…How long had you been trying to get published? At any point did you feel like issues of diversity, or lack thereof, hindered your progress in any way? John Vercher: I’ve been fortunate in that in the grand scheme of things, I wasn’t pitching as long as you can hear it takes. Three-Fifths was my master’s thesis and I graduated in 2016. It took some years of rejections and editing to get it where it is now. One never knows if you’ve been rejected because of diversity issues, because in my experience, it’s not something they come right out and say. Having said that, Three-Fifths is very much about systemic racism, and given the makeup of the majority of publishing today, it wouldn’t surprise me if the content shone a light in places some didn’t want to see. Patricia Smith: I started querying Remember a year ago, however, I have been trying to get published ever since I was fourteen years old. There werent many young black woman authors in my genre growing up, so I thought it would be cool to be one of the first and pave the way. But years and years went by, not only was I not getting attention but I didnt see any other young black authors getting attention either. It was a hard pill to swallow, that society and the publishing world wasnt ready for someone like me, but I refused to give up. I knew some day, someone was going to hear my voice. I am so grateful to Chantelle and Polis Books for taking that chance on me. Tori Eldridge: My submission process was active! My agent was pitching two different novels simultaneously. So, not only was I writing the sequels to both of these novels during the wait time, I ended up rewriting both of those novels in the midst of submission. It got a little crazy, but staying busy helped reduce the natural doubts and frustrations of waiting. Book Riot:  Do you feel there has been positive momentum in the publishing world to include more writers from diverse background and different perspectives? We did see a very diverse Anthony Awards lineup at Bouchercon. I’ve written about and continue to be pleased with recent releases from indie crime publishers like Down Out, Crooked Lane, and your own Polis Books. Jason Pinter: I feel there is intention, but I don’t think intention is the same as momentum. I think a lot of people want to see an increase in diversity in the genre, but that’s not the same as actually taking proactive steps. Panels are predominantly white. Audiences at cons are predominantly white. Faculty at consâ€"agents and editorsâ€"are predominantly white. I’m not saying we’re going to overturn decades of entrenched homogeneity overnight, but if more diverse writers are being published, there will be more diverse readers and attendees, more diversity in leadership positions, and hopefully that will proliferate throughout the industry as a whole. Chantelle Aimée Osman: I do, albeit slowly and belatedly. I can see effort being made throughout the industryâ€" Sisters in Crime’s Publishing Summit Report on Diversity, conferences like Left Coast Crime and ThrillerFest which are prioritizing change. As an industry, we need to grow, change and evolve. This genre, at its core, is about shining a light on justice and issues in society, and we need to take that lesson off the page, too. John Vercher: I’d like to say yes, but some of the push seems to be hyping diversity so they can say they do it. However, publishers like the ones you’ve mentioned, along with events like #DVpit, websites like Lit Agents of Color, groups like Crime Writers of Color and the like are creating a ground swell to make the industry more inclusive. Patricia Smith: Yes, I have felt that way. I honestly think persistence and talent attribute to that because at the end of the day, no matter where you come from or what you look like, if you can write, publishers will see that. Some of us just have to fight harder to be heard. Tori Eldridge: Absolutely. Todays readers enjoy having their perceptions challenged. They want to explore other cultures, other societies, and unexpected commonality. And publishers like Polis Books are listening. Book Riot: Do you feel more focus on diversity in indie (crime) lit than you do in the world of the Big 5? Jason Pinter: I think sometimes smaller presses are more amenable to taking on authors or books that don’t fit the blockbuster mold. With houses and imprints consolidating, and less shelf and reviews space, often a major publisher won’t take on an author if they don’t think they can sell a certain number of copies. We don’t have corporate overseers nitpicking our margins. Indies like Polis and others you mentioned are nimble and can take more chances. If we read a book and like it, we can make an offer the next day. Chantelle Aimée Osman: This is one of the major reasons I’m so happy to be working with Polis. I’ve always mourned the shift from the Perkins/Knopf publishing model, which supported authors in the long-term, to the marketing-driven model of today. A lot of that paradigm needs to shift, and hasn’t. Jason shares my view, so at Polis, not only are the authors the key component, but we have the freedom to try new and different things, and break that narrow marketing mold that it’s so hard to escape at a larger house. Book Riot: How do you feel like the current political and social climate impacts your writing? John Vercher: The current political climate to me is no different than it was sixty years ago. We simply have more technology and mediums with which to view the atrocities committed in this country in the name of racism. These times aren’t strange to us. It’s how it’s always been. As such, it affects everything I write, both fiction and nonfiction. Patricia Smith: I think these strange times are what make my writing meaningful. The fact that I am a black woman writing about issues that arent really talked about, especially in the black community, is important. I hope my fellow debut authors and I pave the way for so many other diverse authors out there who feel like their voices don’t matter. Tori Eldridge:  With the #MeToo and #EndDomesticViolence movements, the time is right for a heroic protagonist like Lily Wong. Shes not a cartoon superhero: Shes a modern young woman putting her life on the line for her sisters. Book Riot: What was the inspiration for your novel? Did your individual background influence you or your writing? And if so, how? John Vercher: I was inspired by the writing of John Edgar Wideman and his “Homewood Trilogy.” When I went to college in Pittsburgh in the mid-90s I was introduced to his work. I also love the work of Ernest Gaines, particularly A Gathering of Old Men.  My individual background certainly influenced my novel. I am the son of a Black father and white mother, and had many questions circling identity as a young man and even into adulthood. A lot of that identity was formed during my time in Pittsburgh. Patricia Smith: The inspiration for my novel, like all my writing, comes from the fact that books like mine saved my life growing up. Specifically, because they were talking about issues not many people were talking about. People tell you write what you know. I knew a lot about mental health. It was my truth. I dealt with depression, cutting, eating disorders, addictionâ€"and I want to be part of the author club where you can save lives with words. Tori Eldridge: Im a (Hawaiian) Chinese-Norwegian fifth-degree black belt in To Shin Do Ninjutsu with Joy Luck Family issues whose lived in L.A. for thirty-five years. So, yeah…my background might have had a teensy bit of influence on The Ninja Daughter. Book Riot: Crime fiction can take in so much: mysteries, literary crime, even cozies, noir, some borderline horror. How do you define a crime novel? John Vercher: It’s funny, I didn’t initially see Three-Fifths as a “crime novel.” In Gaines’s A Gathering, a crime presents the inciting incident that allows us to get to know the characters involved. In that sense, it can be seen as a crime novel. I believe that since it can encompass so many aspects that maybe the crime novel shouldn’t be defined. There is such incredible writing happening in those sub-genres that it almost feels unfair to restrict them to any one category. Patricia Smith: Technically, I would define a crime novel as all of the above, but for me, what I appreciate most about a crime novel is the psychological aspect. I want to feel uncomfortable. I want to ask myself questions. I want to reevaluate what Ive always thought about something. I want all those things while Im reading a crime novel. I want all those things for my readers. Tori Eldridge: Any story that revolves around crime can be considered a crime novel: Its just a question of emphasis and which readers you want to attract. Book Riot:What can we expect in the future from Agora? Jason Pinter: You can expect smart, diverse, thought-provoking, riveting crime fiction from all walks of life. We aim to showcase voices from anywhere and everywhere, in all genre permutations. You can expect to find new authors, and perhaps discover veteran authors for the first time. Chantelle and I have high expectations of Agoraâ€"and ourselvesâ€"and there’s nobody more excited to watch the next few years develop than we are. Book Riot: And to the writers, being debut novelists, are there some places readers can go to get a little taste of your writing? John Vercher: My fiction can be found on Akashic’s flash fiction sites, Mondays Are Murder, And FriSci-Fi. I am a contributing writer for WBUR Boston’s thoughts and opinions page, Cognoscenti, and I recently had a long-form essay published by Entropy Magazine. You can find links on my website: www.johnvercherauthor.com. Patricia Smith: I have a blog on Tumblr that I sometimes post little excerpts of what Im currently working on. Its patriciashanae.tumblr.com. I also have a blog dedicated to people struggling with any type of mental health issues where they can post how theyre feeling and ask me questions. Im not a professional by any means, but I definitely experienced a lot and can offer a lot of hope: tell-patricia.tumblr.com Tori Eldridge: You can learn all about me on my website torieldridge.com. I have tons of free contentâ€"years of mindful living blogs and over sixty empowering podcastsâ€"plus descriptions and buy links to my non-fiction Empowered Living: A Guide to Physical and Emotional Protection and three anthologies that contain my suspenseful short stories. You can even read Call Me Dumpling, the short story that inspired The Ninja Daughter. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Rape You Could Be the One in Six - 856 Words

Every two minutes someone in the world is being sexually assaulted or raped. In our generation, teenagers, use the words â€Å" you’re raping me† to rough play with one another, the serious concept of rape is then minimized to light teasing; when in reality, rape physically and emotionally scars a person. There are ten different types of rape- sexual assault, child sexual abuse, drug facilitated assault, obsessive/ sadistic rape, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, stranger rape, and partner rape. There are many laws against rape but many rape cases are not reported one of the first Rape Crisis Centers were established in 1974 to help women and men in their communities. However, rape is not given enough importance in this society. This†¦show more content†¦Every two minutes someone is being raped or sexually assaulted most rape cases wont be reported only three out of one hundred rapist will serve time behind bars. However if a crimes is reported ,authorit ies are still unlikely to arrest or go threw prosecution.only forty percent of rapist get reported, ten percent get arrested , eight percent get prosecuted ,four percent get a felony conviction, three will spend just a single day in prison, and ninety seven percent will walk away free. seventy three percent of rapes are done but someone the victim knows . Fifty percent of the rapes occur within a mile away from the victims house or even inside the victims house. When going out to parties teens and adults should be aware of the date rape drug. This drug can lead to many situations including rape. This type of rape is called drug facilitated assault because is the usage of drugs and alcohol when a person have the ability to give permission to a sexual activity. drugs and alcohol are used to lower the resistance and memory of the victim. Rohypnol is one the the drugs that they use for a facilitated assault. The drug is not approved for medical and most of the time it is smuggled into the country it has becomeShow MoreRelatedWhat Can We Do?. We All Know What Happens. We Hear It On1691 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Can We Do? We all know what happens. We hear it on TV. We see it in the newspapers. We warn our girls about the probabilities that they might be a victim too, a victim of rape. Why is it that we have a rapist in the world? Are not we taught that ethically and morally we must treat each other as we want to be treated? Who would want to be stripped of their clothing, stripped of their independence, and stripped of their sense of security and safety. Is it a natural phenomenon? Is it somethingRead MoreRape And Its Effect On Society Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pages Rape is a feeling like no other. Although, rape has a different definition for everybody, I define rape as any form of penetration i.e. penis, digits, or foreign object into the mouth, vagina or anal cavity without consent. The unwanted penetration of a woman or mans sexual organ by another person with any object is an intrusion and violation of the victims rights. There really is no way to prove or disprove my claim because the definition of rape, still today is up to the state that it occurs inRead MoreRape in the USA764 Words   |  4 PagesRape crimes will not get reported seventy five percent of the time, due to some victims being too afraid to speak up. There is a problem in society; big issues like these need to be stopped. Rape is not just being touched or molested without wanting it, it is actually really more than it may appear. Rape can happen to anybody, anywhere, and at any time. The number of victims is shocking. Most rape victims know their rapist. There’s org anizations reaching out to support rape victims. They sufferRead MoreRacial Discrimination : A Racially Motivated Justice System1609 Words   |  7 Pageshear about discrimination, prejudice or stereotypes, as they relate to race, ethnicity and you name it, my system aches. Being inhumane and lack respect for your fellow brothers or sisters, regardless of color, speaks volume and causes unsettling issues in our society today. In this assignment, my mission is to share an historic event that took place in Martinsville, VA back in 1949. This case includes rape and a racially motivated justice system, that leads to racial discrimination; ultimately, ledRead MoreThe Harmful Effects of Rape Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesidea of rape is a scary thought. Rape is defined as a type of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person’s consent (Kelland, 2011). Rape is a demoralizing crime that can leave the victim with lasting negative psychological affects. This paper will discuss the different types of rape, the cause and effects with rape and the harm rape can cause to its victims. When most people hear the word â€Å"rape†, theyRead MoreShould Abortion Be Morally Justified?1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthis is one of the greatest controversial topics in American culture currently, and it is significant to educate people on the material before aimlessly determining if abortion can be morally justified. The question remains, what is abortion? Abortion is when a person intentionally and deliberately ends a human pregnancy. While there are many various deliberations to be addressed, the emphasis will be on, is the fetus a living being in the mother’s womb and can pregnancy resulting from rape be morallyRead MoreRape Of Rape And Rape958 Words   |  4 Pages No one ever wants to hear that their child, sibling, or their friend has been raped, but rape is a major problem in America. Sadly, sexual intercourse is not always consensual between both parties involved. There are many myths surrounding rape and the cause but there have been strides in rap e prevention. There are three broad types of rape acquaintance rape, stranger rape, and marital rape (Fay 223). Acquaintance rape is defined as rape perpetrated by someone the victim knowsRead MoreRape : Taking Down Rape Culture1448 Words   |  6 PagesTaking Down Rape Culture No matter where one goes there will always be rape that both men and women suffer from. Sometimes how the media and others portray rape make it seem like it’s not that big of a deal. We all, at times, blame the victim, so then we can feel more in control of our lives by saying â€Å"Rape will never happen to me because I would never do this or I would never do that.† With men, people usually say, â€Å"Wow, did you see what she looks like? He should be happy they had sex.† What I proposeRead MoreRape Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages Rape affects the mind, body, and soul of a person deeper than one can imagine, and must be taken more seriously. Many victims feel afraid to report rape because they are terrified of being judged by people, labeled by society, or even harmed by their rapists. Also, the media distorts the idea of rape. Many of the jokes people make and the slang society uses across social media reflect rape and rape culture. Although, not only do the pe ople disregard rape, the justice system does not take it seriouslyRead MoreDate Rape Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesRape defined is forcing sexual intercourse upon someone without his or her consent. This isn’t just a girls’ problem, boys have to deal with this too. According to the American Psychological Association, nearly one in ten girls and one in twenty boys say they have been raped or experienced some form of sexual assault (Atlanta Journal, 1). Almost more than half of rape victims know their attacker; they don’t report it or tell anybody. In most date rape cases, the attacker and victim have known each

Should Student Athletes Be Paid For Their Participation

Students are not Professional athletes With sports being such a big part in a student getting admitted to college their education is often put as a secondary priority. Many student athletes lose focus on the purpose of attending college due to the dedication required for playing sports at a collegiate level. Responses by student athletes vary when asked: Should student athletes be paid for their participation in college sports? College athletes very rarely analyze everything they are given, including opportunities to meet people, luxuries such as clothes and shoes, and lastly a free education. College athletes are offered scholarships and are given the chance to attend school debt free, while playing the sport they love. Student athletes†¦show more content†¦Par 14) In addition to scholarships, athletes receive benefits that average students do not. They are available to personal tutors, academic athletic advisors, and other benefits such as clothes, shoes, and equipment that are supplied with each athlete each y ear. An athlete in college also directly gets support from educational, financial, health and safety needs. Athletes are given more than what they need to survive in college and compensating them more money with create a business atmosphere and less of an educational atmosphere. College athletics is a stepping stone towards a professional athletic career. Athletes can wait a few years to get paid millions by professional franchises if they are at the professional level. The NCAA is known by many athletes to be the head honcho in all decisions regarding sports. The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes, conferences; organizations; and individuals. College sports is for amateurs who are not getting paid money to play the sport while they attend school. The chances of athletes becoming professional after college is unlikely and athletes should appreciate and take advantage of the free education and services they are given for their athletic participation. Brian Kobil from Washington Times expressed, â€Å"I am wholeheartedly supportive of anyone, male or female,

APA format Free Essays

APA format Free Essays Due to follow a guide for citation and assignment paper, the American Psychological Association PAP) style created a gulled for academic format specified In â€Å"Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association† In July 2009. (American Psychological Association, 2014). So probably you’ll wonder why and how it is useful. We will write a custom essay sample on APA format or any similar topic only for you Order Now PAP format basically help you to do a better research and provide a good list of reference avoiding copyright issues and/or plagiarism. Besides, paraphrasing can be use, but only with citation in the text, since you haven’t do the research directly, just taking it from the source, giving credit to the original author. Furthermore, for school/college/ university paper work evaluate your ability to collect Information to build up your work. For Instance, a research for having a good Idea, and be able to support It with source, is equivalent a good work. As it was mention before, it will give the document a specific format in which help everything to be in order and at the same time to provide a professional look. General rules are to be written in 12-point size Times New Roman. For the title, don’t underline or bold it. Double-space with uniform margins of 1 In (2. 54 CM). Hanging indents at the reference list (starts on a new page ND also arrange sources In alphabetical order with only the author’s given name (not full name) with space between Initials. Provide the year of publication edition number, place of publication, publisher name, and the page. For web pages, include the day it is retrieved. In addition, capitalize only the first letter of first word in a title, and italicize the title. (BBC The Library, 2014) Provide number of pages at the top right header of the page, and at the left size the title. (Lecher C. M. , E. A. Singer, American Psychological Association. 2008). In order to gain a complete understanding of PAP format, It Is necessary to read the gulled provide In books or even at Google, following the examples provided and avoiding the mistakes. How to cite APA format, Papers

Sensory Loss free essay sample

Acquired Sensory Loss This is when somebody is born without any sensory loss, but then has an accident or illness which causes a sensory loss. Illness Diabetes: The most serious complication of diabetes for the eye is the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes affects the tiny blood vessels of the eye and if they become blocked or leak then the retina and possibly your vision will be affected. Measles: Measles blindness is the single leading cause of blindness among children in low income countries, accounting for an estimated 15,000 to 60,000 cases of blindness per year. There is a close synergism between measles and vitamin A deficiency that can result in xerophthalmia, with corneal ulceration, keratomalacia, and subsequent corneal scarring or phthisis bulbi. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is an eye disease in which the optic nerve is damaged in a characteristic pattern. This can permanently damage vision in the affected eye(s) and lead to blindness if left untreated. We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Loss or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is normally associated with increased fluid pressure in the eye Perforated ear: If you have a perforated eardrum, your hearing may be affected. The extent of any hearing loss will depend on the size of the hole in your eardrum. A small puncture may only cause a slight loss of hearing, whereas a large puncture is likely to cause greater hearing loss. The hearing loss is only temporary and your hearing will return once your eardrum has healed. Swimmers ear: Otitis externa is often referred to as swimmers ear, as repeated exposure to water can make the ear canal more vulnerable to inflammation. Symptoms of otitis externa include: †¢ Ear pain, which can range from moderate to severe †¢ A discharge of liquid or pus from the ear †¢ Some degree of temporary hearing loss Usually only one ear is affected. With treatment, these symptoms should clear up within two-to-three days. In some cases the symptoms can persist for several months, which is known as chronic otitis externa. disease There are genetic conditions like Usher: people with Usher III experience a progressive loss of hearing and roughly half have vestibular dysfunction. The frequency of Usher syndrome type III is highest in the Finnish population, but it has been noted rarely in a few other ethnic groups. Alstrom: This condition is very rare; about 500 affected people have been reported worldwide. Alstrom syndrome is a condition that affects many body systems. Many of the signs and symptoms of this condition begin in infancy or early childhood, although some appear later in life. Alstrom syndrome is characterized by a progressive loss of vision and hearing, Stickler: Children who have Stickler syndrome often experience eye disorders more commonly associated with older adults. †¢ Severe nearsightedness. Children with Stickler syndrome are often born with severe nearsightedness, a vision disorder in which you can see near objects clearly, but objects farther away appear blurry. Cataracts. Some children with Stickler syndrome are born with cataracts, a clouding of the focusing lens within the eye. Cataracts also may develop later in childhood. †¢ Glaucoma. Glaucoma causes the pressure within the eye to increase, sometimes to the point that the optic nerve is damaged. †¢ Retinal detachments. Problems with the lining of the eyeball, called the retina, are common with Sticklers syndrome. The retina is crucial to vision, so blindness can result if it pulls away or tears free from the back of the eyeball. The extent of hearing loss varies among people who have Stickler syndrome. It usually affects the ability to hear high frequencies and tends to worsen over time. Accident There are many accidents that can cause blindness and deafness, from car accidents to sporting or work accidents. Old age can also be a cause of sensory loss. Acquired Acquired Deafblindness is when a person is born without a sensory impairment and at some time in their life develops both or is born with a single sensory impairment and at some time in their life develops the second. This may be due to an accident, illness, a genetic condition, e. g. a syndrome such as Usher, Alstrom, and Stickler, etc. or as a result of aging in later life. In children and young people if these problems occur later in life, this is called acquired Deafblindness. From skillsforcare. org. uk Congenital When someone is born with combined sight and hearing difficulties this is called congenital Deafblindness. Examples of this include conditions such as Rubella or CHARGE. Congenital can also refer to people who have lost vision/ hearing before the acquisition of language, i. . in their very early years. From skillsforcare. org. uk †¢ Deaf: deaf with a small d simply refers to the medical condition of hearing loss. However, most people who use BSL/ ISL refer to themselves as Deaf. The use of upper case D indicates a language preference and is also a political and cultural term of belonging to the Deaf community. It is used in the same way that people who belong to a national, cul tural or religious group would describe themselves, for example, as French or Muslim. It is for this reason that many Deaf people do ot define themselves as disabled, rather they describe themselves as belonging to a cultural or linguistic minority †¢ Deafened: A person who was born hearing and subsequently became severely or profoundly deaf †¢ Hard of hearing: A general term used to describe people with a range of hearing loss and communication needs †¢ Deaf blind: This term applies to people with dual sensory loss. Some people who are Deaf blind have no hearing or vision; others have a degree of hearing loss or vision impairment Some of the signs for sight loss could be over cautious driving habits. Find lighting either: too bright or too dim, Frequent eyeglass prescription changes, Holding books or reading material close to face or at arms length, Squinting or tilting the head to see, Difficulty in recognizing people, Changes in leisure time activities. Change in personal appearance Changes in table etiquette, moving about cautiously, Bumping into objects and Acting confused or disoriented. Some signs for deafness People seem to mumble more frequently. You experience ringing in your ears. You often ask people to repeat themselves. You often ask people to repeat themselves. Your family complains that you play the Radio or TV too loudly. You no longer hear normal household sounds, Such as the dripping of a faucet or the ringing of a doorbell. You have difficulty understanding a conversation when in a large group or crowd You have trouble understanding all the words in a conversation You find Telephone conversation increasingly difficult You have trouble hearing when your back is turned to the speaker. You have been told you speak too loudly. PROPLEMS WITH DAILY LIVING Rooms/Furniture Make sure there are clear travel paths in hallways and through rooms. Rearrange furniture so there are no trip hazards. Coffee tables are fine for sighted people, but can be a trip hazard especially for elderly visually impaired people. The same is true of other household clutter such as throw rugs and childrens toys. Keep things in specific places since a visually impaired person cant scan the room looking for something. Moving things around such as furniture can be confusing until they learn the new set-up. Stairs/Ramps Mark all steps both inside and outside the house with contrasting colours. Paint the handrails a contrasting colour from the wall. A good way to mark steps is to paint a yellow stripe on the edge of the step. Paint a strip at the beginning and end of ramps too. Kitchen High quality florescent lighting is the best bet for the kitchen, laundry room, and shop. Appliances with controls on the front make life easier and safer for the visually impaired. Every thing has its place in a visually impaired persons kitchen. Moving the baking powder from one shelf to another can ruin a whole recipe. Kitchen cabinet doors left open are very dangerous A rehabilitation teacher from an agency for the blind and visually impaired can help with adapting appliances like: stoves, microwave ovens, washers, dryers, thermostats, etc. They can also teach new cooking techniques. Socially Blindness may also cause difficulties with participating in activities outside of a workplace, such as sports and academics. Many of these social challenges limit a blind persons ability to meet people, and this only adds to low self-esteem. Technology Technology poses a challenge for blind people as well. For example, a blind person cannot read the information on a web page. Searching the Internet requires screen reading software will read the information on a website, but this may require a significant amount of time to learn the process. People who have limited vision may have difficulty with viewing websites as well, particularly the small fonts, icons and screen colors used by many sites, says the University of Wisconsin. People with low vision may require special equipment that can enlarge a screen significantly. Other technology, such as music players that require visual selection of music, or text messages, will also cause challenges for blind people. Signs and symptoms Blindness Holding books or reading material close to face or at arms length, Bumping into objects and Acting confused or disoriented. , Find lighting either: too bright or too dim, Difficulty in recognizing people, Sitting close to TV, Squinting when looking for things. Deafness, TV or radio too loud, Cannot hear you talking if you are behind them. Asking you to repeat yourself. Cannot hear telephone ring or hear people on the phone. AIDS FOR THE BLIND Carer support for the blind person to help with everyday tasks. Smartphone Mobile, cellular phones such as smartphones offer many advanced personal digital assistant capabilities. Some of these phones allow blind people to access work-related and other materials, as well as providing assisted communication capabilities. These phones have built in functions such as voiceover that assist the person when triggered by a finger rolling over the screen of the phone. Navigation Tools Handheld navigation tools contain keyboards with Braille and a synthesized voice mechanism that can help the blind person to navigate to different places as he walks to destinations. This type of tool cannot replace a guide dog, Electronic Cane Device This type of cane contains sensitive sensors that help the person who suffers from blindness by making her aware of different variables in the environment as she walks to his destination. The importance of knowing the variables plays a key safety role in a blind persons desire to get to a destination. And of course guide dogs. AIDS FOR THE DEAF Hearing aids help amplify sounds for those who are not completely deaf, allowing them to make out words and sounds. Alarm clocks for the deaf and hard of hearing feature flashing and vibrating features to help individuals wake up without an audible alarm. Some clocks feature one or the other, though alarm clocks are available that feature both lights and vibrations. Much like alarm clocks for the deaf, visual alert signallers provide flashing lights or vibrations to let a hard-of-hearing individual know that the doorbell is ringing or that certain sounds are being made. INFORMATION Locally doctor, social worker, charities and nationally web sites like www. bda. org. uk and www. sense. org. uk and lots others PERCENTAGE OF SENSORY LOSS Around 360,000 people are registered blind or partially sighted in the UK. †¢ 299,000 in England (NHSIC, 2011) †¢ 34,500 in Scotland (Scottish Government, 2010) †¢ 16,000 in Wales (Welsh Assembly Government, 2010) †¢ 8,000 in Northern Ireland (RNIB estimate) †¢ 1 in 5 people aged 75 and over are living with sight loss †¢ 1 in 2 people aged 90 and over are living with sight loss †¢ 63 per cent of people with sight loss are female, 37 per cent are male.

Canadian Based Education

Canadian Based Education The education system in Canada during the 19th century was marked by the establishment of school systems that incorporated social, cultural and political aspects.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Canadian Based Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children from different social and cultural backgrounds were allowed to attend schools in large numbers which gave way to mass schooling or standardized education as an effective instrument in teaching. The school systems during the 19th century were designed to solve a myriad of problems that existed within the Canadian society such as poverty, crime, teen idleness and poor knowledge levels among the youth during that time. The reasons that underlined the development of school systems in the 19th century was the impact of constant immigration by Canadians as well as foreigners in the country, the change from agriculture to industrialization and the process of state formation which allowed Canadians the authority to exercise power (Gaffield, 2011). During the later stages of the 19th century, state formation, industrialization and immigration played an important role in the development of the school system in Canada where educators established schools that would reflect the cultural, religious and ethnic variations in the Canadian society. For example, in the western coast of Canada, immigration played an important part in developing the mass schooling system that was in existence. Other provinces in Canada that were affected by immigration included Winnipeg, Manitoba and British Columbia where the arrival of large numbers of Asians played an important role in developing the Canadian schooling system. The impact of immigration had become a major factor in the 19th century where anglo conformity became an important aspect in ensuring national cohesion and unity in the country (Mochoruk, 2004). The schooling system in Canada during the 19t h century was mostly marked by the use of textbooks, classrooms, teachers and curriculum based education which were used to train school going children on how they could be contributing members to the Canadian society. These teaching modes however underwent some changes to ensure that they reflected the changing needs of the society which required that children with different educational abilities and knowledge be catered for. This saw the introduction of technical and vocational courses that were meant to meet the needs of children who were not found suitable for academic training.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The criterion that was used in selecting children for educational courses was however based on social and cultural prejudices where children from white backgrounds had the first priority over children from other ethnic backgrounds. However, in the 1920s, s chools began using IQ tests to measure the knowledge levels of children to ensure that there was equitable selection of children during the selection process (Gaffield, 2011). The education system in the 19th century was characterized by the distinctions that existed between male and female children in public schools. For example girls used a separate entrance from the boys and they also had separate classrooms where girls were taught alone and boys were taught alone. The recess areas were also separate for both the girls and the boys with the dining halls incorporating some distinction where the girls ate separately from the boys. The redefinition of a family unit as an association of emotional attachment during the 19th century saw the generalized idea that girls were meant to be taught on household duties and responsibilities while boys were meant to be taught on manual and technical skills that would train them to be the breadwinners of their families (Gaffield, 2011). The disti nction that existed within the educational programs during the 19th century saw girls being taught more on home economics and cooking rather than on technical or manual skills which was the preserve of male students. The separatist and distinctive teaching patterns were meant to reflect the ideal situation in the 19th century society where women were meant to be the caretakers of the home while men were meant to the breadwinners. The 19th century also saw the establishment of separate schools for children from different religious and cultural backgrounds to deal with the educational conflict that arose during that time (Usa, 2009). Immigrants and foreigners during that time had to conform to the existing standards and guidelines in Canadians schools and society which did not reflect their diversity and culture. Religious communities for example did not agree with some of the non-denominational Christian curriculum that was being used in most of the Canadian schools which saw the for mation of Catholic and Protestant school systems in some areas of Canada such as Quebec and Ontario. The region of Newfoundland was the first to incorporate a complete denominationally based school system in the whole of Canada which was possible as a result of the Constitution Act of 1867 (Gaffield, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Canadian Based Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religious studies in these schools therefore became a central part in the school curriculum which saw the growth of Catholicism and Christianity in many of the Canadian provinces. Despite some resistance, the establishment of the L’Action Catholic School in Manitoba in 1934 saw a growth of Catholicism in the province as well as the incorporation of Catholic communities in the education system. The province also offered a secular education system that incorporated religious, cultural as well as non-denominatio nal curriculum. Private and independent schooling was introduced in Manitoba in 1977 to reflecting the changing schooling system around the country. The changing patterns of immigration also had an effect on the structure and organization of school systems where various Canadian provinces placed emphasis on meeting the needs of the general society rather than meeting the needs of Religious groups such as the Catholics and the Anglicans (Mochoruk, 2004). Public schooling in Canada in the 19th century was therefore created as a framework that would develop the society by shaping children to be moral citizens of their community. Public schools were created to generate unity of thought as well as to teach children about the idealized Canadian society. Schools focused on teaching children from foreign countries the English language as well as the Canadian culture which would play an important part in their adaptation to the country’s laws and cultural practices. Social integration and cohesion were therefore important aspects in the establishment of various schooling systems in Canadian provinces during the 19th century (Axelrod, 2003). In summary, the history of Canada’s education system saw a growth in the formal instruction of children where the educational curriculum incorporated the various cultural, moral and social differences that existed within the Canadian society during the 19th century. While there was a general focus on providing equal access to schooling for all, different cultural, social and religious values made it difficult for children to be incorporated into Canadian education systems that were mostly driven by Canadian social values. The schooling system established in the 19th century gave way to an institutional framework that would be used in the 20th century to govern the operations of the government, prisons and hospitals in the country (Axelrod, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Axelrod, P. (2003). The promise of schooling; education in Canada, 1800-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Gaffield, C., (2011). Education, history of education in Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en Mochoruk, J., (2004). Formidable heritage: Manitoba’s north and the cost of  development, 1870 to 1930. Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press. Usa, I.U., (2009). Canada education system and policy handbook. New York: International Business Publications.

The Hardwood Killer Tree Diseases

The Hardwood Killer Tree Diseases There are several tree diseases that attack hardwoods trees which can ultimately cause death or devalue a tree in the urban landscape and rural forests, to the point where they need to be cut down. Five of the most malignant diseases have been suggested by foresters and landowners. These diseases are ranked according to their ability to cause aesthetic and commercial damage.   Armillaria Root, the Worst Tree Disease This disease attacks hardwoods and softwoods and kills shrubs, vines, and forbs in every state. It is pervasive in North America, commercially destructive, a major cause of oak decline, and is arguably the worst tree disease. The Armillaria sp. can kill trees that are already weakened by competition, other pests, or climatic factors. The fungi also infect healthy trees, either killing them outright or predisposing them to attacks by other fungi or insects. Oak Wilt Oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum, is a disease that affects oaks (especially red oaks, white oaks, and live oaks). It is one of the most severe tree diseases in the eastern United States, killing thousands of oaks each year in forests and landscapes. The fungus takes advantage of wounded trees, and the wounds promote infection. The fungus can move from tree to tree through roots or by an insect transfer. Once the tree is infected, there is no known cure. Anthracnose, Dangerous Hardwood Diseases Anthracnose diseases of hardwood trees are widespread throughout the Eastern United States. The most common symptom of this group of diseases is dead areas or blotches on the leaves. The diseases are particularly severe on American sycamore, the white oak group, black walnut, and dogwood. The greatest impact of anthracnose is in the urban environment. Reduction of property values results from the decline or death of shade trees. Dutch Elm Disease Dutch elm disease primarily affects American and European species of elm. DED is a major disease problem throughout the range of elm in the United States. The economic loss resulting from the death of high-value urban trees is considered by many to be devastating. Fungus infection results in clogging of vascular tissues, preventing water movement to the crown and causing visual symptoms as the tree wilts and dies. American elm is highly susceptible. American Chestnut Blight The chestnut blight fungus has virtually eliminated the American chestnut as a commercial species from eastern hardwood forests. You only now see the chestnut as a sprout, as the fungus eventually kills every tree within the natural range. There is no effective control for chestnut blight even after decades of massive research. The loss of American Chestnut to this blight is one of forestrys saddest stories.

Marketing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing - Dissertation Example 110). While this is more pronounced overseas, as France and Germany have been shown in a study to take corporate stewardship more seriously than do Americans, Americans still believe that corporate responsibility is important – â€Å"a recent survey of some 2500 Americans found that 36 percent claimed they seriously considered a company’s corporate citizenship when deciding whether to buy its products† (Paine, 2003, p. 110). Moreover, if a corporation does actions that are disapproved of – say, it is revealed that the corporation conducts unnecessary and cruel tests on animals – this hurts the bottom line, and can lead to boycotts, which are a PR nightmare and can lead to a serious dip in consumers buying its products (Paine, 2003, p. 110). The reason why I chose this topic is because animal testing, especially when the testing is not necessary for advancements for human health, as is the case with cosmetics testing, is one that inspires much passio n on either side of the question, and is an important element of corporate social responsibility. For some people, any kind of animal testing should be verboten, even if the testing is done in the interest of finding human cures. For others, animal testing might not be a problem because, after all, they are â€Å"just animals.† For still others, certain kinds of animal testing might be acceptable, especially if the testing would lead to a medical cure, while other types of testing, such as testing regarding cosmetics, would not be acceptable. How each of these groups view this element of corporate social responsibility would be the center of the inquiry. C. Aims and Objectives The aims of this project will be to discover the feelings of people from all three of the above groups when it comes to certain companies that use animal testing. Do they buy from companies that use animal testing? If not, why not? If so, why? Perhaps a passionate animal advocate might buy products from a cosmetic company that animal tests – what might explain this incongruence? Moreover, I am interested in discovering if companies that do not test on animals emphasize this fact in the advertising campaigns. Lastly, I am interested in finding out how these campaigns affect consumers, and whether or not consumers are less likely to buy from companies that are known to test on animals, and more likely to buy from companies that tout the fact that they do not test on animals. D. Initial Literature Review One of the questions that is of interest is why some people care more about animal rights than do others. The reason why this is an important question is because it can answer why certain consumers will not buy products from cosmetic companies that use animal testing, while others do not care either way. Unti and Rowan (2001) theorize that childhood attitudes accounts for who has more compassion for animals than others (Unti & Rowan, 2001, p. 27). Other theories state that the concern from animals comes to a concern for the oppressed (Unti & Rowan, 2001, p. 27). As to the question of whether companies emphasize their corporate social responsibility, there is some indication that they do not (Blyth, 2003, p. 16). As for the question about how corporate irresponsible practices, such as animal testing, affect consumers, it is useful to examine how consumers react to other corporate social irresponsible

Comparing and contrast efficiency of on job training and e-learning in Research Proposal

Comparing and contrast efficiency of on job training and e-learning in the petrochemical plants - Research Proposal Example The research study will identify how valuable training is for employees at the petrochemical plants and for employees working at the petrochemical industry. Training techniques will also be analyzed and compared, and the effectiveness of these training methods will be discussed. Petrochemical industry is an important industry for the economy and employees working in the industry need to be efficient and trained (Harris, 2012). This research study will be helpful for the employees, managers, researchers, economists and other concerned person as it will help in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of employees as well as in enhancing safety measures at the workplace particularly of the organizations in the petrochemical industry. The research study will include different sub-topics as well. For instance, the research will also analyze different training methods that are helpful in the industry. The research will analyze how on-job training and e-learning method can be effective. The research will also suggest and recommend different strategies to further enhance the existing system and training methods used. Training is used to develop the skills and capabilities of the employees. Training is helpful in managing the workforce and their productivity. Training is also helpful in making sure that the employees are safe from any kind of chemicals used or present at the plant (Cogent, n.d.). training helps in enhancing the productivity level of the employees. It is considered as an investment and the returns of this investment are reported in the form of higher productivity, enhancement of skills of employees, ability to better manage the tasks and several other benefits (Bartel, 2000). Training is an important aspect of motivating the human resource. Human resource is considered as the main asset that gives the organization competitive advantage. Thus,

Essay example --

Konsep pembelajaran sepanjang hayat (PSH) ataupun lifelong learning bukanlh merupakan satu perkara yang asing lagi dalam sistem pendidikan negara ekoran daripada perubahan persekitaran baru di mana sekotor ekonomi pada sekarang berasaskan pengetahuan atau K-ekonomi menjadi keutamaan. Justeru itu, institut pendidikan guru hendaklah menerapkan nilai pembelajaran sepanjang hayat dan kemahiran untuk berfikir pada aras tinggi (KBAT). Budaya ilmu ini sangat penting, oleh itu, pengamalan budaya membaca dalam kalangan guru pelatih telah lama dipraktikkan oleh warga IPG malah ia sudah menjadi sebahagian intipati budaya oleh IPG. Di samping itu pelajar-pelajar di IPG bukan sahaja diterapkan dengan nilai pembelajaran sepanjang hayat sahaja, malah guru-guru pelatih di IPG juga telah dilatih untuk meningkatkan teknik pengajaran dalam bilik darjah. Keberkesanan aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam bilik darjah juga akan memberikan impak maksima kepada pelajar keraana persekitaran pembelajara n yang kondusif akan memudahkan para pelajar untuk lebih cekap dalam menimba ilmu. Oleh itu, bakal guru yang menuntut di IPG juga diajar dengan pelbagai jenis dan kemahiran mengajar untuk menarik minat pelajar semasa proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran di dalam kelas. Contohnya, penggunaan alat bantu pengajaran telah memudahkan lagi kerja guru dalam menyampaikan pengajarannya dan kaedah melakukan kerja dalam kumpulan juga telah mewujudkan suasana yang seronok untuk belajar dalam kalangan pelajar. Dengan ini guru bukan sahaja melahirkan insan yang berilmu tinggi malah mengamalkan budaya pembelajaran sepanjang hayat agar modal insan yang dihasilkan kelak akan dapat memacu kegemilangan negara sehingga ke peringkat global. Hal ini adalah sangat wajar kerana... ...dunia juga bermaksud kemampuan dan pencapaian cemerlang Malaysia dalam membangunkan sektor pendidikan negara agar kita dapat mempellopori perubahan dan kemajuan dinamis iaitu pembangunan tenaga manusia, kecemerlangan budaya fikir dan pembangunan teknologi dan sains. Jika system pendidikan disusun dengan dirangka dengan telus dan terbaik, maka negara kita akan dapat mengurangkan lagi kadar buta huruf yang berlaku kepada pelajar terutamanya kepada mereka yang bersekolah di kawasan luar bandar. Pendidikan bertaraf dunia juga merupakan satu komitmen dan usaha Kementerian Pendidikan bagi memperbaik kualiti pendidikan negara agar ia dapat dilonjakkan kepada satu standard yang tinggi dan mampu menyaingi negara-negara maju yang lain, pendidikan juga merupakan salah satu langkah penting untuk mengangkat martabat dan status Malaysia salam dunia pendidikan di peringkat global.

Consumer Promotion Essay

I expect this report to fulfill the requirements of my internship program (BBA 449) at Unilever Bangladesh Limited. I have put in my best efforts to make this report a success. However, I am sure that this report could have been a more superior one, if it had not been my first time to conduct such a relational study. However this has obviously been a great source of learning for me to conduct similar research studies in future. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to you for your guidance and suggestions in preparing the report. I will be happy to provide any further explanation regarding this research report if necessary. Thanking You. Sincerely yours, Muhammad Mashfiq Huq ID# 0131001 Acknowledgements In preparing this report a considerable amount of thinking and informational inputs from various sources were involved. I express my sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed towards making this research report possible. Major contributions were received from officials at Unilever Bangladesh Limited and Independent University, Bangladesh. First of all I would like to thank the authorities of Unilever Bangladesh Limited to give me the prized opportunity to do my internship at their prestigious organization. The experience and knowledge gained at Unilever Bangladesh Limited helped me immensely to address and understand all the elements related to my report, which I otherwise would not have understood so well. I would like to specially thank my supervisor at Unilever Bangladesh Limited, Mr Rajeeb Bhattacharjee, Product Group Manager for Wheel, for his absolute support, co-operation and encouragement that he extended to me from the very first day. In spite of having a very busy schedule, he made sure in every way that I acquire the best possible exposure and knowledge during my tenure as an intern under him. My sincere gratitude goes to my internship supervisor Mr. Muzahid Akbar, for encouraging me at the very first place, to undertake such a relational study to fulfill my internship requirements. He gave all the time and attention, which I needed to complete my research and compile my report in as much orderly way as possible. Last but not the least I would like to thank the respondents of my survey, for sparing the time to fill out the questionnaires. This research would not have been possible without their valuable inputs. Correlation matrix of the study variables 3. Stepwise regression on Product Quality Perceptions 4. Stepwise regression on Brand Loyalty 13 15 16 17 Executive Summary This paper is directed towards exploring the relationship between consumer promotion, price perception, product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Through sizeable literature review and discussions it is known that there is considerable correlation that exists among the study variables mentioned above. The data sampling was conducted on the customers of different brands of detergents. A structured questionnaire was used to find out the views of people regarding consumer promotion in detergent brands, price perceptions about the promoted brands of detergent, product quality perceptions about those brands and also to find out about brand loyalty in the detergent markets. A correlation analysis and a stepwise regression analysis were run on the collected data to analytically explore the relations and their extent. It was found that consumer promotion is positively correlated with the product quality perceptions and brand loyalty of those brands. Meaning that if a person views the consumer promotion positively, then his/ her perception of the product quality about a promoting brand will be proportionately high. It also means that the chances of the same person being brand loyal towards that brand would also be high. There is a positive correlation of price perception with perceived quality and brand loyalty. According to this, if the perceived prices of the promoted brands are fair then it would have positive effects on product quality perception and brand loyalty of that brand. It has also been found that product quality perceptions about promoted brands are positively correlated with brand loyalty of those brands. Overall consumer promotions are expected to give positive results with the people who have positive views about consumer promotion and who can be influenced by promotional efforts. So while deciding about consumer promotion it should be thought in advance that who is the consumer promotion activity aimed at. This way wastage of large amounts of money can be avoided by spending on ineffective consumer promotion activity. Every effort should be given to make the consumers think that the prices of the promoted brand are fair, even when there is no promotional activity is undertaken. Though there is a tendency in the detergent market to provide frequent promotional offers, yet the perceived quality should in no way go down because there is a good possibility that the brand loyalty would also go down. Introduction Bangladesh has a detergent market of about 8. 8 billion taka of which Unilever occupies a share of 30% making it the market leader. The major competitor brands in the detergent market for Unilever are Keya, Chaka and Tibet. To fight this steep competition the above mentioned companies constantly run consumer promotion in hope to sell more than the respective competitors. Although this strategy worked well at first but with the passage of time, the intense consumer promotions have done little to prevent Unilever from loosing shares to its competitors. In 2004, Wheel, Unilever’s largest detergent brand ran about nine consumer promotions where as in 2005 it ran no consumer promotions at all. Consumer promotion over all is a very expensive affair. Unilever has the largest brands of detergent and so the cost of providing a consumer promotion offer is also large by the same proportion. Besides the competitor brands are known to involve in some unfair practices. They pay a very low wage rate to their labours so overhead costs are low, they under invoice their imported raw materials so that they can evade import taxes and other duties, so they save a lot of money in the process. They can then utilize this money for consumer promotion and other competitive activities that can earn them a higher share of the market. Therefore it is imperative that consumer promotions and other dependant elements have to be studied, to make sure that if a consumer promotion activity is implemented it is a highly effective one. This way, precious monetary resources have the minimum chances of being wasted. To understand the competition in the detergent market better price perceptions and product quality perceptions about the brands of detergent on promotion are also considered being worth studying. To look at market share issues, the brand loyalty element should also be explored. Statement of the Problem There are many companies that are operating to serve the detergent markets; as a result the competition has heightened. Consumer promotions are being heavily used in the detergent markets to increase sales of each available brand. Consumer promotions, when implemented use up a lot monetary resources. Failure to implement the consumer promotion activity effectively may result in major loss of money. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between consumer promotions, price perceptions with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Research Timeline 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 October November November 20 November 28 December 6 Research proposal writing and literature rivew Data collection (surveys etc. ) Data analysis and interpretation Draft submission of research report Submission of research report Limitations There are vast amounts of information and write-ups relating to the topics of this research that are present in the internet and various other sources, but it was not possible to gain access to many such information. So missing out some important aspect of the discussed topics can be a possibility. There is a major time constraint in doing the research work and preparing the report, a much larger pool of information could have been dealt with if there was more time to analyze them. A minimal sample size will be used for this research; if a larger sample was taken into consideration the research would have been more accurate. The survey will be conducted in Dhaka city which could be a possible reason for the people’s mind set to be similar and survey results not being very different from each other, the results could be different if people from outside metropolitan cities were brought under consideration. Review of Literature Consumer Promotion Sales promotions as we know is a very important component of marketing promotion. Consumer promotion (e. g. coupons, samples, contests, sweepstakes, and price packs) is a part of sales promotion that is targeted towards the final buyers of consumer products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2002). There can be various types of consumer sales promotion some are incentive based while others are communicative in nature (Kotler et al. , 1999; Tellis, 1998). The incentive based promotions can be price – oriented promotion or non price-oriented promotion. According to Britannica (article 21279) advertising presents a reason to buy a product but consumer promotion offers a short-term incentive to purchase. Consumer promotions often attract brand switchers (those who are not loyal to a specific brand) who are looking primarily for low price and good value. Thus, especially in markets where products are highly similar, consumer promotions can cause a short-term increase in sales. Abraham and Lodish (1987) stated that many consumer goods categories sold 90% of their volume on special deals which is a result of consumer promotion. Consumer promotion is thought to be a tool that helps manufacturers and retailers to achieve their objectives of generating sales (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that the influence of sales promotions on the consumer will also depend on the consumer’s characteristics Price Perceptions According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) price perception is about how customers see a product’s price, as high, low or fair. They also stated that perception of price unfairness affect consumers’ perceptions of value and ultimately their willingness to buy a product. According to Moore et al. (2003) years of research concerned with price show both positive and negative perceptions serve as marketplace cues. Several studies have also portrayed the role of price perceptions as an attribute to success (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). When the price perceptions are high this is a sign of positive quality, prestige and status (Moore et al. , 2003). The concept of reference price is related to price perceptions. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that reference price is the price the consumers use as a basis for comparison in judging another price. It is through reference price that the price perception of a brand of product is formed. When the consumer plans to buy a product, he or she will judge prices comparatively with the reference prices in order to determine whether the price is acceptable or not (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that, a result of consumers’ comparison between the prices and the reference price, potential losses and gains emerge. The consumer perceives a gain when the reference price is higher than the observed price. If the observed price is higher than the reference price, the consumer experiences a loss. Product Quality Perceptions Product quality perceptions represent consumer judgment about the superiority of a product, which the user-based approaches think is essential in describing quality (Forker et al. , 1996). Bundles of attributes together represent a certain level of quality, which therefore provide utility to the customer (Snoj et al. , 2004). The benefits are measured through a perceived level of quality (level of working superiority), a bundle of attributes in comparison with the consumer’s expectations. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated consumers often judge the quality of a product on the basis of a variety of informational cues that they associate with the product. They also stated that the cues can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cues are related to the physical characteristics of the product itself, like size, colour, flavour, aroma etc. The extrinsic cues on the other hand are related to elements that are put together with the actual product like packaging, pricing, advertising etc. The perceived quality of products and services is central to the theory that strong brands add value to consumers’ purchase evaluations (Low and Lamb, 2000). Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the ultimate desired outcome of consumer learning (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). According to Rawly and Dawes (1999) brand loyalty is the likelihood of positive attitudes and behaviours of consumers towards a particular brand, this could amount to repeat purchase and positive word of mouth. They also stated that a loyal customer base is an asset for a company and it reduces the need for seeking new customers. It is also a known fact that retaining current customers requires less money and effort than getting new ones. The strongest measure of brand value is the loyalty a company produces among customers (Aaker, 1996). According to Quester and Lim (2003) brand loyalty is known to have two components, namely attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is related to consistent purchase behaviour of a specific brand; it is the consumer’s overt purchase behaviour (Dikempe et al. , 1997) while attitudinal loyalty refers to a highly favourable attitude towards a particular brand. Rowley and Dawes (1999) stated that to understand brand loyalty better the following components of attitude model should be considered: 1. Cognitive component – associated with a â€Å"rational† decision making based on informational determinants. 2. Affective component – associated with emotions and feelings about the product or service. 3. Conative components – associated with a behavioral disposition. Relation between consumer promotion and product quality perceptions A primary reason for consumer promotion is to give an impression of greater quality and appeal to the potential customers (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). Sales promotion influence the relative weighting of the utility factors and extends the perceived quality (Groth and Dye, 1999). Sales promotions can offer many benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, and also motivation to perceive higher quality, convenience, value (Quock and Uncles, 2005). The way a consumer promotion is framed is likely to effect consumers’ perceptions of price, quality, value, and purchase intentions (Munger and Grewal, 2001). Ong (1997) on the other hand stated that there is a danger of unfavorable consumer perception as a result of consumer promotion activity like bonus packs etc. Consumers tend to think that at the normal price or offering they over pay for a given level of quality, so their quality perception is affected. Relationship between price perception and product quality perceptions The more quality a product possesses the more utility it contains and the more its price should be in the market (Sjolander, 1992). According to Sjolander (1992) it is very much expected that there is a very strong positive relation between perceived price and perceived quality. Perceived quality explains a considerable portion of the variance in the price the consumers are willing to pay for different brands (Low and Lamb, 2000). Unfavorable price perceptions may have a direct effect on customer intention to switch to a different brand, because the consumers might think that the price does not match quality (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). Companies sometimes attempt to appeal to uninformed consumers by using high prices from start as a signal of high quality, with the belief that if they perceive the price of their products to be high then they automatically perceive the product quality to be high as well (Kalita et al. , 2004). Relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty According to Alvarez and Casielles (2004) promotions can have, as an effect, the consumer acquiring a brand that he or she would not otherwise try. They also stated that categories of products whose buyers are very loyal, consumer promotion activity like coupons etc that reward the loyalty could have a bigger effect. Srinivasan and Anderson (1998) acknowledged that many times sales promotions are used by new entrants to break consumers’ brand loyalty toward established brands. In the short run, established brands may be able to ignore sales promotions from new brands without serious loss of sales. Over the longer run, however, unless proper defensive and counter-offensive strategies are developed and implemented, established brands can gradually lose their loyal customer base. Dawes (2004) on the other hand stated that repeat buying rates that buying a brand on promotion decreases the likelihood of a subsequent purchase of that brand. Relationship between price perception and brand loyalty Alvarez and Casielles (2004) stated that when the consumer perceives a loss, the utility that the provides (brand) will diminish, and with it the likelihood of purchase will also go down. If, in contrast, the consumer perceives a gain, he or she will be more inclined to purchase the brand. Price perceptions are expected play an increased role in determining both post-purchase satisfaction and brand loyalty (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). According to representative research higher perceived prices leads to expectation of higher perceived quality and value, in turn lead to higher levels of satisfaction of customers, greater levels of customer loyalty and retention and to a greater success of organizations (Snoj et al. , 2004). Relationship between quality perception and brand loyalty According to Ruyter and Wetzels (1997) the perceived quality is often viewed as a pre-requisite for loyalty and that perceived quality contributes positively to increase loyalty. They also stated that the influence of quality on preference loyalty generally varies per industry. Boulding et al. (1993) found positive relationships between quality and repurchase intentions and willingness to recommend to others. Because product quality perceptions influence value, efforts of marketers have focused on improving product quality in order to enhance perceptions of value, and consequently purchase intentions leading to loyalty (Grewal and Munger, 2001). The loyal customers, who gave indication that they would return, will be the internal level for managers to improve their quality in order to increase customer loyalty (Bowen and Chen, 2001). Research Question The following questions have to be addressed for the study: 1. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 2. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 3. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 4. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 5. Is there any significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? Hypothesis The hypothesis that can be derived from the research questions are: 1. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 2. There is significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. . There is significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 5. There is significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Development of Conceptual Framework †¢ Consumer Promotion †¢ Price Perception †¢ Product Quality Perception Figure 1 . Model 1: Conceptual Framework of research variables †¢ Consumer Promotion †¢ Price Perception †¢ Product Quality Perception †¢ Brand Loyalty Figure 2. Model 2: Conceptual Framework of research variables Methodology Research design The illustrations of the conceptual framework model 1 and 2 (Figure 1 and 2) above gives a visual idea of the relationship and structure that exists among the study variables. The main purpose of the research is to assess the existing correlation among the variables. This research is about exploring and understanding the relationship that exists between consumer promotion, price perception with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Here in the first model (figure 1) the independent variables are assigned to be consumer promotions and price perceptions. The dependant variable on the other hand is product quality perception. In the second model (figure 2) the independent variables are consumer promotions, price perceptions and product quality perceptions, in this case the dependant variable is brand loyalty. So the researcher is attempting to find out, if any changes in the independent variable have a changing effect on the dependant ones as well, thereby proving that a relationship exists. The researcher also tried to find out the degree to which a change in the dependant variables has an impact on the independent ones, in other words the degree of relation is also explored here. Therefore the correlation study was chosen for this research. Sampling method The required data for this research was collected from the regular customers of detergents. There was no particular sample frame available for this research so convenience sampling was used, as it is also the cheapest and the easiest methods of sampling. The sample frame for this research consisted of shoppers (mainly house wives) at different shopping centres and stores etc, and also the parents of school children were included. In the shopping centres the researcher surveyed the people who seemed to be the most appropriate respondent for this kind of survey. The parents of kindergarten students, who spend time waiting for their kids outside the schools, were also surveyed, because they usually have a lot of time to spare and can give valuable inputs. Due to time constraints the survey was conducted in Dhaka city only. Over all there were about a 104 people who participated in the survey. Survey instrument A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consists of different parts to gather information on the different variables under considerations. The questionnaire is the best instrument for the survey in this case because, for a correlation study the sample sizes have to be very large as it is quantitative in nature, so surveying so many people with personal interviews or observations would be next to impossible. With questionnaires, no responses of the respondents can be missed out. It gives more time to the respondents to think and then give the answers. And it is a quicker and cheaper way to conduct the survey. Questionnaires can be conducted in any environment, with minimum influence of the outside environment. Questionnaires also have the advantage of keeping the personal details of the respondents confidential. A sample of the questionnaire has been attached in the appendix.