To critique a research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

To critique a research paper - Essay Example Mostly nurses provide care to the patients under the orders or supervision of the physicians and this traditional role has given nurses an image of care providers. However, most of the jurisdictions have permitted the nurses to work independently depending on the settings of their training level. But during the postwar period, the nursing education has been diversified towards advanced and specialized credentials, and this has brought change in many traditional regulations and roles of the care providers (Cornwell and Goodrich, 2009). Being a profession, the main motive of the nursing community in all over the world is to ensure the best care for all, while maintaining their credentials, standards, code of ethics, competencies and continuity of their professional education. There are many educational paths which lead to a professional nurse. However, it is pertinent to mention here that the nursing courses are different in overall the world; it involves extensive study about the theo ry of nursing and practice as well as training in the clinics. A professional nurse cares for people of all age groups and cultural backgrounds who are healthy and ill in a specific manner based on the person’s physical, emotional, psychological, mental, social and spiritual needs. This profession combines physical science, nursing theory and requisite technology required in caring the patients. Moreover, the transition from a student to a professional nurse is exigent due to various elements include: lack of practical experience, extraordinary expectations of the hospital and insufficient staffing in a hospital. Introduction The objectives and aim of the research paper titled â€Å"Care and compassion: the experiences of newly qualified staff nurses† written by Dorothy Horsburgh and Janis Ross (2012) is to review existing procedures being utilized by the nurses in the provision of care to the patients. Moreover, the awareness of the newly appointed nurses regarding th e compassionate care and utilization of factors facilitates achieving the objective of the nurses. In order to achieve the objective of the research paper, the authors have utilized qualitative approach and in this regard, a group of forty two (42) newly recruited nurses was selected. Diverse trends, themes and codes were detected and observed, after a though analysis on the data gained from the selected nurses. It was identified by the authors that the newly recruited staff nurses have diverse and miscellaneous rather systematic views, opinions and concepts. And ultimately, the authors realized an apprehension between the individual’s (nurse) ability to act and the working environment (cultural, communal, physical, managerial, and social) at which the nurses provide care to the patients (Horsburgh, and Ross, 2013). Moreover, it was derived by the authors that the supportive working environment influences the efficiency and performance of the nurses in a positive manner for d elivering compassionate care (Lombardo and Eyre, 2011). This document provides a thorough review of the above introduced research paper and the background of the nursing profession. Moreover, a framework utilized for qualitatively critiquing the research paper is presented by the Frances Ryan, Michael Coughlan and Patricia Cronin (2007). The research paper highlights certain questions which are required to be answered have been

The Chocolate of Tomorrow Essay Example for Free

The Chocolate of Tomorrow Essay R evenues from the chocolate industry continue to prove rewarding, with 2011 figures from IBISWorld predicting annualized growth of around 2% over the next five years, after dampened expectations during the dark days of 2007-09. But behind the encouraging headlines, many companies are battling to stay on top of a rapidly shifting marketplace. Taste is diverging, as fast-growing economies and empowered consumers demand more from their products. For industry stalwarts, the requirement to offer local, highly tailored and increasingly diverse products represents a serious threat to market share. Spotting the markets that are likely to grow quickly will make the difference between the winners and losers of tomorrow’s chocolate landscape. According to official government figures, current hot spots include India (annual growth rate 15%), China (9%), Russia (6%) and Mexico (3. 8%). They all exhibit a number of key factors that help them stand out from the pack, including a youthful population, rapid capital inflows and retail consolidation. In this report, we’ll take a tour of the factors shaping the chocolate market of tomorrow – from geography and demographics, to consumer needs and preferences, and other market drivers. And we’ll attempt to offer a glimpse into the future by defining what might be the chocolate bar of 2030. John A Morris European Head of Consumer Markets KPMG LLP  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. The chocolate of tomorrow State of the market Contents 4 The global picture. What they’re eating and why: a world tour of consumer taste in the chocolate market The three types of consumer shaping the way people buy chocolate across the world Four factors that are increasingly de? ning the chocolate market A glimpse of the future – and what it might mean for the industry 6 Shoppers’ preferences 8 Trends to consider Where next for chocolate? The industry has weathered a global recession and is still seeking growth. But with some markets saturated, where does its future lie? The global chocolate industry is many things, but as a bellwether for the wider economy its use is limited. Revenues have remained resilient despite a recessive global picture, falling disposable incomes, volatile commodity prices and increasing competition. Chocolate is often described as recession-proof. Some economists call it the ‘lipstick effect’: when facing an economic crisis, consumers are more willing to buy less costly luxury goods, such as cosmetics and chocolate, even as they cut back on other luxuries. Revenues over the past few years would seem to back this hypothesis, although year-on-year growth remains relatively sluggish and the spectre of volatile input prices continues to cast a shadow over future projections. Although the global market is still dominated by Western Europe and North America, emerging markets clearly represent the future. The BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) accounted for 55% of global confectionery retail growth in 2011. Other emerging economies with youthful populations and an acquisitive middle class are likely to develop a taste for chocolate and, as their disposable incomes grow, they will represent important target markets. With the traditional markets of Western Europe and North America seemingly saturated, manufacturers are being forced to pull even more innovative tricks out of the bag to attract consumers, from enigmatic ? avor combinations to bolder health claims, portion control and personalized bars. Like a large sharing tablet, the market is breaking up. Taste is diverging as the BRICs and empowered Western consumers demand more from their products. Where will the market take us next? 10 The bar of 2030 12 Contacts Global chocolate retail market value 120 100 US$ billion 80 Source: Euromonitor 60 40 20 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 3  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. The chocolate of tomorrow The global picture Western Europe is still the largest chocolate market in the world, but slow growth suggests saturation. Health is becoming a major driver in new product launches: in 2011, 10% of products were marketed as vegetarian, 7% as free from additives and 7% as organic. The US eats more chocolate by volume than any country, says the International Cocoa Organization. Consumers are demanding value – and wild ?avors, such as bacon and wasabi. Health matters but is not yet a major driver. The large Hispanic market is key. The British government is pressurizing manufacturers to tackle obesity, although only 12% of consumers see fat content in chocolate as an important factor. Portion control is imperative, with smaller bars and larger ‘sharing packs’ introduced to curb overeating. In Mexico, 52% of the population are under 20: a huge market for candy and chocolate. Around 80-90% of chocolate products are aimed at children. This offers opportunity for tie-ins with well-known children’s brands, but rising obesity levels may prompt regulation. The world of chocolate Geography is still key to understanding the speci? cs of consumer taste. What are customers across the world demanding? 4 Easter is big business in Brazil, with 100 million Easter eggs eaten every year – and this is likely to increase. But childhood obesity presents a curb on growth. With more than 35% of children overweight, child-focused product launches have been driven down by 62%.  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. Russia is one of the most promising emerging economies for chocolatiers. The market is worth more than US$8bn and is expected to grow 45% by 2016. As consumers move up the value chain, artisan manufacturers begin to stake their claim. Widespread lactose intolerance has made for a slow start in China, but chocolate sales have risen 40% since 2009. Lindt claims in its annual report that the market is growing 30% a year. Premium products are popular, with over half of all sales bought as gifts. At US$11. 4bn, Japan is the largest Asian market. Domestic artisan companies are ? ourishing but foreigners can ? nd it hard to gain a foothold. Nestle’s Kit-Kat brand is the exception, appealing to consumers with 200 unusual ?avors and special editions. India has always had a sweet tooth, and chocolate is fast becoming its favorite treat, ahead of sugar candy, with an annual market growth rate of 15%. Cadbury’s now owns 70% of the market, introducing innovative products that can survive in the extreme heat. The Middle East/North Africa market is expected to reach US$5. 8bn by 2016, up 61% on today. Almost every part of Africa is growing: South Africa is the biggest market, but sugar confectionery is still 22% more popular there than chocolate, says Leatherhead Food Research. Source: Euromonitor Global market share by region, 2011 Western Europe 32% North America 20% Asia 17% Latin America 13% Eastern Europe 12% Middle East and Africa 4% Australasia 2% 5  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. The chocolate of tomorrow Shoppers’ preferences. What consumers want The psychology behind chocolate suggests consumers see it as a ‘naughty but nice’ impulse treat. But a closer look reveals three distinct types of buyer, each with different behaviors and demands THE CONVENIENCE BUYER Chocolate may be seen as an impulse purchase, but it’s becoming increasingly everyday among consumers. Convenience is a major driver for chocolate lovers, who want to grab a bar from a local store or throw a multi-pack into the trolley during a weekly shop. As convenience becomes more important to time-poor shoppers, sales of tablet bars are growing (up 37% in the UK last year) as consumers grab and go. Premium chocolate-makers such as Godiva are rethinking their strategies to get a bite of this lucrative market, introducing smaller bar formats. A desire for convenience is also increasing the popularity of sharing bags, particularly in Western markets, as consumers buy to share or ? nish eating later. Manufacturers have reacted with packaging innovations, such as the ‘memory wrapper’ from Mars that allows bars to be twisted, closed and saved. Mars says the innovation â€Å"empowers the consumer†. It also drives brand loyalty. THE VALUE BUYER In many markets, value is a hot topic. In the US, 79% of consumers look for good value when choosing chocolate, although 70% also want a name brand, according to Mintel Oxygen – meaning even value shoppers are making demands of manufacturers. Value is particularly important in economies where the middle class is still being de? ned – and may exist far below Western levels. According to research from ? nancial services provider Rabobank, a 45g chocolate bar accounted for less than 1% of the weekly shopping budget in the US and UK in 2010, but in India the same bar made up 18% of the weekly food allowance: which means a snack comes at the expense of a full meal. One-size-? ts-all global pricing solutions are dif? cult when the income levels and aspirations of the fast-growing middle class differ so widely. Although disposable income is rising in emerging markets, we could assume that a large proportion of consumers will continue to look for the cheapest option. Value-conscious shoppers favor a new generation of outlets. Discount stores are ? ourishing, which is forcing supermarkets to think more like discounters to attract ? ckle customers, including increasing their private label ranges. Small grocery stores may lack the economies of scale to compete on price, while ‘specialist’ formats are being crowded out. In emerging markets, ‘one-stop’ retail locations are becoming popular due to low prices and greater choice. Where they’re buying 15. 7% 1. 5% 45. 3% 10% 27. 5% Non-store Specialist stores Small grocery stores Supermarkets and discount stores Others 6  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. Global chocolate retailers market share 2011. Source: Euromontior THE LUXURY BUYER The luxury chocolate market continues to embrace the mainstream – and not just in developed economies. â€Å"The psychology is that even expensive chocolate is an affordable luxury,† says Marcia Mogelonsky, Global Food Analyst at researcher Mintel. Chocolate is becoming increasingly premiumized, and brands such as Godiva and Lindt have become almost mass market as consumers develop a taste for everyday glamour. Godiva, which has increased its sales from US$400m to almost US$700m in 10 years and is now owned by Turkey’s Yildiz Holdings, plans to become a staple for the health-conscious, sweettoothed consumer. â€Å"Our revenues have increased in all our markets, especially in China and Japan, which are the most important markets right now,† Godiva CEO Jim Goldman has said. â€Å"[Marketing our product] is a balancing act. And it’s different in every country. We do retain our prestige†¦ but we have to be relevant. † In Russia, the chocolate market is expected to grow 45% over the next ? ve years, to reach US$11. 6bn, says Euromonitor. Belgian artisan chocolatier Jean-Philippe Darcis has his eye on the country, predicting: â€Å"The market will evolve and people will have more buying power. † Lindt is enjoying double-digit sales growth in the Middle East. In China, rich dark chocolate is thriving, with Ferrero Rocher and artisan chocolate maker Senz launching exclusive premium dark brands in the last two years. Unsurprisingly, larger manufacturers are keen to get a bite of this burgeoning sector but, without the personal story required to sell such products, they can struggle. The solution: purchase artisan brands and market them as separate entities – large producers’ economies of scale mean this phenomenon makes life hard for surviving artisan brands. Mars has Ethel M, Nestle bought Maison Cailler and Hershey owns Dagoba and Scharffen Berger. â€Å"It may sound counterintuitive, but what’s happening in the [global ? nancial] crisis is a quest by consumers for value, for more affordable products, but also for products that overtake their expectations,† says Laurent Freixe, head of Nestle’s European business. However, large manufacturers with designs on artisan businesses must be careful. â€Å"Consumers like artisan companies because they are high quality and unique,† warns Mary Nanfelt, Food Analyst at IBISWorld. â€Å"That uniqueness and independence must remain. † Luxury sales on the up â€Å"What’s happening in the ? nancial crisis is a quest by consumers for products that are more affordable but that also overtake their expectations† 2001 2005 2008 2011 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 Godiva Lindt 3 US$bn sales 7  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. The chocolate of tomorrow Trends to consider Driving growth From sustainability to eventing, four factors that are increasingly important in understanding the global chocolate market – and the opportunities they could create both now and in the future SUSTAINABILITY Food origin is an increasingly important driver for consumer purchasing decisions in more developed markets, particularly at high-end retailers. Mary Nanfelt, Analyst at IBISWorld, says: â€Å"Americans in particular are becoming more socially conscious in their choices, buying chocolate from sustainable and organic sources. † Globally, use of Fairtrade cocoa has risen dramatically over the last few years, and smart phone users can even download ethical shopping apps. All the major manufacturers have embraced Fairtrade to some degree. Kraft’s Cadbury brand has tripled the amount of Fairtrade cocoa it uses, and Cadbury’s Dairy Milk, the UK’s best-selling bar, is certi? ed Fairtrade. Hershey announced this year that it would begin to source the cocoa for its Bliss brand through Fairtrade farms, while Mars and Nestle already have best-selling Fairtrade lines. INNOVATION As consumers become ever more demanding, innovation is crucial to market share. And personalization is likely to be the next consumer-driven revolution in the industry. Nestle is leading the pack in this area. Maison Cailler allows customers in Switzerland, the world’s largest per capita chocolate market, to create personalized taster packs based on their preferences. Its Spanish brand Diselo con Chocolate recently launched an e-commerce platform where customers can create their own assortments. Gum and candy businesses such as Wrigley’s have already introduced personalized packaging (particularly aimed at gifters) and chocolate could soon follow suit. The next logical step is for consumers to design chocolate bars that cater to their unique palate – but which manufacturer will take on the production challenge involved? HEALTH Although many consumers view chocolate as an occasional treat and don’t obsess over its effect on health, fat is becoming a major issue for manufacturers. So-called ‘fat taxes’ are threatened in a number of major economies, including the US and the UK, while European countries such as Denmark and Hungary have already introduced surplus taxes on unhealthy food. In Japan, the government has gone one step further and is taxing companies and local authorities with a h proportion of overweight igh employees or residents. An increased emphasis on healthy lifestyles is an imperative for governments facing rising healthcare costs, particularly in developed economies that are battling childhood obesity. This has impacted childfocused product launches, which fell 62% last year in the US and Brazil, both countries that are struggling to keep their weight down (more than 35% of Brazilian children under six are overweight or obese). Globally, 21% of parents reported switching products to give their children healthier snacks, potentially reducing brand recognition among the next generation. To combat this, the industry should debate the potential health bene? ts and enable chocolate to be among the next generation of functional foods, pushing the antioxidant effects of dark chocolate or investigating the energyboosting properties of bars with oats, nuts or ‘super fruits’. Latvian brand Laci is using ‘super berry’ sea buckthorn in its products. Smaller bars (Mars has capped its bars at 250 calories in the UK and Australia, and will follow suit in the US in 2013) can encourage awareness of portion sizes. Fairtrade takes off 35,000 30,000 Global production in tonnes 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 Source: Fairtrade Foundation 5,000 08 20 03 20 04 20 20 05 06 20 07 20 20 09 10 20 8  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. QA Bert Alfonso CFO, Hershey Personalization is likely to be the next revolution in chocolate†¦ the logical step is for consumers to design bars that cater to their unique palate EVENTING In many countries, chocolate is an essential component of religious events, special occasions and festivals. The seasonal chocolate market is worth US$4. 9bn in the US, an increase of 6. 4% since 2010, says Mintel. Easter is the biggest chocolate event globally and, although the shelves can appear full of competing products, the market is in fact far from saturated. Easter products launched worldwide rose 45% during 2011. Canada has proved particularly fruitful for manufacturers, with seasonal activity increasing 89% in 2011. In gift-hungry Western Europe, growth in seasonal product launches is particularly notable in the UK and France, where seasonal activity increased 53% and 41% respectively. In more mature markets like the US and Australia, there is evidence to suggest consumers are choosing to buy a smaller number of high-margin, luxury items rather than focusing on value products. In Australia, where Easter chocolate spending is expected to grow 3% in 2012 to over US$178m, specialty retailers stocking luxury Easter eggs from the likes of Lindt have been reporting robust growth. China has seen a seasonal boom. The expanding middle class is spending more on premium chocolate, which makes the perfect gift. More than half the chocolate bought in China is purchased as a gift, with Christmas and the Lunar New Year peak buying times. According to Shaun Rein, author of The End of Cheap China: Economic and Cultural Trends that will Disrupt the World, costly confectionery ? lls a gap in traditional present-buying. â€Å"Chocolate hits a good market position. There just aren’t that many other prestige gift items in the $50-$200 range. † Q How has Hershey maintained growth in a time of ? nancial uncertainty? A: We have focused on productivity gains, which have been reinvested in the products consumers are looking for, and increased marketing activity. Gross margins have increased over the last few years as a result of several actions, including raising prices in the US market to offset rising commodity costs. We believe we’re in the middle of a secular bull market for commodities, driven by the growth of emerging economies. What steps have you been taking to mitigate rising raw material costs? Aside from pricing, we use hedging programs in everything but dairy. Certain costs are predictable but when it comes to commodities, we follow the fundamental as well as technical market indicators for materials such as cocoa and sugar. Longer-term, there’s an opportunity to improve cocoa yield in regions such as West Africa. The methods being used at the moment aren’t that sophisticated, which is why we are involved in farming training to enhance cocoa-growing productivity. Overall, cocoa farming is still pro? table at current market prices – and some markets are actually increasing production. How much of your future revenue would you like to see coming from overseas? We have targeted US$1bn revenue from our overseas operations by 2015 – we’ve actually been pacing ahead of that. Mexico, Brazil, India and China are the most important markets for us, and we now manufacture in all of them. We have been manufacturing in China for several years, rather than just exporting there, because US chocolate simply isn’t formulated for the local taste pro? le. How do you see the luxury market developing in future? I believe that smaller artisan companies will ? nd it harder to stay in the market in the long term. Luxury is growing again as a segment and competition is intensifying. It could eventually account for 20% of the market over time. What type of chocolate will we be eating in 2030? A lot of the products currently available in the US market still have longevity. There will be more personalized products as the market seeks to deliver on unique taste pro? les. Also, consumers are looking for more permissive, better-for-you alternatives. The digital aspect of personalization is still at an early stage and we will see further investment from manufacturers. The mass market won’t go away, but it will evolve. 9  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. The chocolate of tomorrow The bar of 2030 Looking to the future What kind of chocolate will we be eating in 2030? The rapid change of the past few years gives us some vital clues to the industry’s direction Innovative packaging To stand out on the shelves and reduce costs, packaging could undergo a revolution. Manufacturers will devise new ways to ensure chocolate doesn’t melt in the extreme heat of many emerging markets, as well as introducing new bar sizes. Health bene? ts Chocolate could ride the trend for nutraceuticals. Nestle has already announced plans to invest US$510m in â€Å"pioneering a new industry between food and pharma†. Medicinal herbs could be used as an ingredient, or even aspirin. Additional betterfor-you ingredients such as super-fruits, nuts and oats may become more common. Additive-free chocolate will become the norm in developed economies. Dark chocolate could increase in popularity as consumers become more aware of its health bene? ts. Attracting youth Marketing to the youthful populations of emerging markets (especially India and Latin America) will be vital. Use of popular culture, including bands and TV shows, in marketing campaigns may increase, as will viral marketing and social media interaction, as young people broaden their channels. While children prefer sweeter chocolate, concerned parents will look for chocolate with added health value. 0 03 2 Luxury vs commodity A growing middle class will continue to propel the luxury market, and will increasingly drive it into mainstream retailers. But this will pose a challenge: although middle class consumers in emerging markets may develop expensive tastes, their disposable income will still be relatively limited. Manufacturers may need to choose between margins and volume, positioning themselves carefully as either a luxury or commodity player. The outsourcing solution. The most successful chocolate companies could be purely marketing and RD operations after outsourcing their production to industrial suppliers. The public won’t even have heard of the world’s largest chocolate producers, who will work behind the scenes to supply well-known brands. 10  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. The personal touch Bespoke bars may be commonplace. One artisan chocolate maker says he envisages smaller shops offering people the chance to create their own bar. As consumer palates grow more sophisticated, unusual ? avors will become the norm, with chocolate-lovers choosing their own combinations. Consumers may also be able to design their own packaging. New distribution channels Chocolate will be available from a wider variety of outlets, from coffee shops to health food stores, to cater for convenience buyers. Supermarkets and discount stores will continue to dominate sales, particularly among value customers. Premium chocolate could become available in mainstream stores as luxury buyers proliferate. Brands might seek to move up the value chain by creating their own ? agship stores, something Hershey and Mars (through its MM’s brand) have already done successfully. ar b 0 Fresh ? avors In developed markets, ? avors may become increasingly unusual as palates grow more sophisticated and brands seek a marketing boost. Combinations of sweet and savoury (such as bacon and chocolate) will increase, and salt, olive oil, herbs and ? owers will all be used as ? avorings. Middle class rule Manufacturers are likely to offer more chocolate from ethical sources to meet aspirational buyers’ needs. Middle class consumers will also be keen on premium chocolate for gifting purposes, and seasonal launches, which increased 6% during 2011, will continue to grow. A new recipe Milk chocolate will have a l ower cocoa content due to rising prices, and manufacturers will be forced to use cocoa more sparingly. Demand for cocoa could spiral out of control: one Latin American manufacturer predicts that China and India increasing average per capita consumption by just 1kg could make most manufacturers’ current models unsustainable. In that scenario, arti? cal cocoa could become a viable alternative. Price vs size Think small Rising obesity levels and government regulation will lead to manufacturers limiting portion sizes. Sharing bags of smaller bars will become more popular as people seek to limit the amount eaten in one sitting. Average per capita consumption (currently 8kg in Europe) may drop, although overall consumption is likely to rise as the global middle class mushrooms. In emerging markets, chocolate takes a hefty bite from the household budget. As input price volatility continues, manufacturers may have to keep value in mind or risk losing consumers. Price per gram is rising fast in developed markets, but research shows consumers feel cheated if bars get smaller but price is static. Mainstream manufacturers could be forced to choose between containing cost, at the expense of size, and moving further up the value chain. 11  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. About KPMG KPMG is a global network of professional ? rms providing Audit, Tax and Advisory services. We have 145,000 outstanding professionals working together to deliver value in 152 countries worldwide. KPMG is organized by industry sectors across our member ? rms. The Consumer Markets practice, which encompasses the Food, Drink and Consumer Goods and Retail sectors, comprises an international network of professionals with deep industry experience. This industry-focused network enables KPMG member ?rm professionals to provide consistent services and thought leadership to our clients globally, while maintaining a strong knowledge of local issues and markets. It’s clear the chocolate market is shifting rapidly, and presents a range of challenges and opportunities. To discuss any of the issues raised in this report, please get in touch. Contacts Willy Kruh Global Chair, Consumer Markets and Food, Drink and Consumer Goods +1 416 777 8710 [emailprotected] ca Nick Debnam ASPAC Regional Head of Consumer Markets and Food, Drink and Consumer Goods KPMG in Hong Kong +852 2978 8283 nick. [emailprotected] com Stephane Gard Head of Consumer Markets KPMG in Switzerland +41 21 345 0335 [emailprotected] com John A Morris EMA Region Head of Consumer Markets KPMG in the UK +44 20 7311 8522 john. [emailprotected] co. uk Patrick W Dolan Americas Region and US Head of Consumer Markets KPMG in the US +1 312 665 2311 [emailprotected] com Publication name The Chocolate of Tomorrow Published by Haymarket Network Ltd Publication no 120788 Publication date June 2012 Pre-press by Haymarket Pre-press The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. Although we endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue to be accurate in the future. No one should act on such information without appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular situation.  © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (â€Å"KPMG International†), a Swiss entity. Member ? rms of the KPMG network of independent ? rms are af? liated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member ? rm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member ? rm vis-a-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member ? rm. All rights reserved. The KPMG name, logo and â€Å"cutting through complexity† are registered trademarks or trademarks of KPMG International. Photography and illustration: Creativ Studio Heinemann/Westend61/Corbis; Peter Dazeley/Getty Images; AP/Press Association Images; Shutterstock.

Prevention Control of Occupational Lung Diseases

Prevention Control of Occupational Lung Diseases Prevention Control of Occupational Lung Diseases What is Occupational Lung Disease? Lung disorder related to matter inhaled from the occupational environment. Occupational lung diseases are a broad group of diagnoses caused by the inhalation of dusts, chemicals, or proteins. Even persons who do not work in the industry can develop occupational disease through indirect exposure. The effects of an inhaled agent depend on many factors: (1) Such as, Physical properties ( particle , mist or gas : solubility , shape , density , penetrability , concentration , radioactivity , size ) Chemical properties (Acidity, alkalinity, fibrogenicity, antigenicity) Susceptibility of the exposed person (Integrity of body’s defences, immunologic status) Dose What substances in the workstation can reason for lung disease? (1) Dustfrom such things as wood, cotton, coal, asbestos, silica and talc. Dust from cereal grains, coffee, insecticides, drug or enzyme dusts, metals and fiberglass be capable to also injure your lungs. Fumesfrom metals that are heated and cooled rapidly. This procedure results in fine, solid particles being carried in the air. Examples of occupations that involve exposure to fumes from metals and other substances that are heated and cooled quickly include welding, melting, furnace work, ceramic making, plastics manufacture and rubber processes. Smokefrom fiery organic materials. Smoke can contain a variety of particles, gases and vapours, liable on what substance is being burned. Fire-fighters are at an increased risk. Gasessuch as formaldehyde, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, ozone and nitrogen oxides. These are linked with jobs where chemical reactions occur and in jobs with high heat actions, such as welding, brazing, smelting, oven drying and furnace work. Vapours, which are a form of gas given off by all liquids. Vapours, such as those given off by solvents, usually annoy the nose and throat first, before they affect the lungs. Mistsor sprays from paints, lacquers (such as varnish), hair spray, pesticides, cleaning goods, acids, oils and thinners (such as turpentine). Common Occupational Lung Diseases Obstructive Occupational airway Diseases. Occupational asthma Occupational asthma is the most common form occupational lung disease. Occupational asthma (also known as work-related asthma) is asthma that is caused or made worse by exposures in the workplace. Estimates suggest that 15 to 23 percent of new asthma cases in adults are work related (2). Occupational asthma refers to the development of asthma following exposure to a known occupational sensitizer (often with evidence of an elevated specific immunoglobulin E [IgE] to the relevant occupational allergen) Adhesives, Metals (chemical coolants), Resins, Isocyanides, Flour and grain dust, Latex, Animals (shellfish in particular), Aldehydes, Wood dust may act as agents causing occupational asthma (3). Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (3) The term reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) refers to the development of a persistent asthma-like syndrome for at least three months following inhalation of an airway irritant. The onset of symptoms occurs after a single specific exposure to a gas, smoke, fume, or vapour in very high concentrations. It is sometimes referred to as irritant-induced asthma. The most commonly reported agent causing RADS is Chlorine. Other commonly reported agents include toluene diisocyanate, oxides of nitrogen, acetic acid, Sulphur dioxide, and certain paints. Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (3) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term that encompasses several different pathologies, most notably chronic bronchitis, small airways disease and emphysema, and is defined by airflow limitation that is usually progressive. Inhalation of noxious particles or gases encountered in an occupational setting make an important contribution to COPD. Most notably, these include coal dust, cotton textiles, welding vapours, cadmium and silica. Pneumoconiosis (4) The disease is caused by dust particles approximately 2–5ÃŽ ¼m in diameter that are retained in the small airways and alveoli of the lung. The incidence of the disease is related to total dust exposure, which is highest at the coal face, particularly if ventilation and dust suppression are poor. Coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis (3), (4) Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) results from the inhalation of particles of coal mine dust, which are engulfed by macrophages which then accumulate to form the coal macule, characteristically located in the centrilobular region. Pneumoconiosis appears on the chest X-ray as small rounded opacities, typically appearing in upper and middle zones. Simple coal worker’s pneumoconiosis is not associated with abnormal clinical signs or significant impairment of lung function. If breathlessness and lung function impairment are present they are likely to be due to associated lung or heart disease. Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) refers to the coalescence of macules to form irregular masses of fibrous tissue. Asbestosis Asbestosis is a progressive disease that results from breathing in microscopic fibres of asbestos. These small fibres build up over time and can cause scarring, or fibrosis, in the lungs. This scarring causes the lungs to stiffen and makes it hard to breathe or get enough oxygen into the blood.(5)Asbestosis may not show up until 10 to 40 years after exposure to asbestos fibres.(6) Silicosis Silicosis is a disabling, dust-related disease and is one of the oldest occupational lung diseases in the world. Silicosis is caused by exposure to and inhalation of airborne crystalline silica. Silica (SiO2) is the name of a group of minerals that are found in mines, foundries, blasting operations, stone, clay, and glass manufacturing. Dust particles from silica can penetrate the respiratory system and land on alveoli (air sacs). This causes scar tissue to develop in the lungs and impair the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.(7) Though symptoms of silicosis rarely develop in less than five years. Silicosis also makes a person more susceptible to infectious diseases of the lungs, such as tuberculosis.(7) Byssinosis The symptoms start on the first day back at work after a break (Monday sickness) with improvement as the week progresses. Tightness in the chest, cough and breathlessness occur within the first hour in dusty areas of the mill, particularly in the blowing and carding rooms where raw cotton is cleaned and the fibres are straightened. The most likely aetiology is endotoxins from bacteria present in the raw cotton causing constriction of the airways of the lung. Berylliosis Beryllium–copper alloy has a high tensile strengthand is resistant to metalfatigue, high temperature and corrosion. It is used in the aerospace industry, in atomic reactors and in many electrical devices. When beryllium is inhaled, it can cause a systemic illness with a clinical picture similar to sarcoidosis. The major chronic problem is that of progressive dyspnoea with pulmonary fibrosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (previously called extrinsic allergic alveolitis) refers to an allergic inflammatory pneumonitis following the repeated inhalation of organic material. Workers at risk include those with exposure to mould or fungal spore in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, cultivation of edible fungi or malt working, those handling mould vegetables and those caring for or handling birds. The disease has two patterns: the acute form and chronic form. Occupational respiratory cancers Mesothelioma The most notorious occupational cancer in respiratory practice is pleural mesothelioma. Its occurrence almost invariably suggests past asbestos exposure which may have been low level, and even bystander, exposure. The long latency between exposure and presentation suggests that the incidence of mesothelioma will continue to increase. Occupations associated with significantly higher mesothelioma deaths include plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters; mechanical engineers; electricians. Pleural disease Asbestos-related pleural disease Pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of past asbestos exposure. They are discrete circumscribed areas of hyaline fibrosis found on mainly parietal pleura. Prevention of occupational lung diseases Agent-Oriented Strategies a. Environmental hazard surveillance Efforts should be continued to be identify occupations in which workers are likely to have high incidence of occupational lung diseases. Special attention should be given to environmental surveillance and exposure control. Environmental surveillance is the most effective means of identifying problem areas, directing control efforts, and subsequently measuring the impact of prevention strategies. i. Asbestos Occupations where workers are more likely to be at high risk of exposure to asbestos needed to be identified. Special attention should be given to environment surveillance and control of such occupations. ii. Cotton Dusts Industries using cotton that contain high levels of endotoxins should be identified and evaluated for possible additional intervention strategies or enactment or enforcement of more stringent dust standard. iii. Silica Occupations where workers are more likely to be at high risk of exposure to silica needed to be identified. Any work sites (such as coal mines) where silica levels exceed the standard must be enforced by mine safety and health administration. b. Medical Hazard Observation Disease surveillance is needed to estimate the prevalence of occupational lung disease. However, because of latency, the lack of treatments, and the progression of some occupational lung diseases after exposure is of limited practical value, and emphasis should be placed on environment surveillance. Hospitals are potential source of data and should be requested to record work histories and to report occupationally related diseases in their discharge reports. Government reporting systems using local physicians and district health officers are potentially the most effective means of disease surveillance. The primary advantage using local physicians and district health is their familiarity with local industry and the medical community. Involvement of local county health departments would also facilitate follow-up of reported cases. However this surveillance method has several difficulties, the most significant being the unwillingness of physicians and workers to report disease because of the potential for litigation and comebacks. c. Hazard Removal For many hazardous substances, control measures are difficult or unavailable. However substitute materials are often available for hazardous substances and should be used. i. Asbestos A rule-making change should be under taken by health authorities to require that a dust control and monitoring plan for all operations with likely asbestos exposure be filed for approval before any work is done in site, Implicit in this requirement would be sound justification for the use of asbestos as opposed to alternative materials. Nonessential uses would not be approved. ii. Cotton Dusts Recommended cotton dust level for work places is 0.2mg/m3. Industries in which workers show acute reactions at dust level below 0.2mg/m3 should consider the use of cotton substitutes or lower dust levels. iii. Silica Because effective controls for silica in abrasive blasting operations have not be demonstrated, silica should be banned as abrasive blasting material. Available silica substitutes that have been shown to be nontoxic should be used. Exposure-Oriented Strategies a. Control Technology Many exposure control measures are available, such as engineering design and automation, ventilation, substitution, isolation, and changes in work practices. Technology transfer and implementation goals should be established, so that both workers and management are familiar with control technology and its application. b. Regulatory Enforcement Regulatory enforcement is the most effective element in the strategy to prevent occupational lung disease. Many acts (such as Mine Safety and Health Act and Occupational Safety and Health Act) place the responsibility for providing a safe and healthful work place directly on the shoulders of employer. Other measures of enforcement include sampling requirements for operators, an inspector audit programme, pre-operational filling hazard control plans and the right for inspectors to unsafe operations onsite. i. Asbestos Evidence indicates that the current asbestos standard provides only partial protection from asbestos-related diseases. Particularly cancer. The present permissible exposure limit (PEL) should be reduced to recommended concentration of 100,000 fibres/m3 since that is the lowest level of exposure that can be accurately measured using currently available analytical techniques. ii.Silica Once silica exposure is recognized, control could be accomplished in particularly every instance. The most effective measure for silicosis is preventing hazardous exposure, through strict enforcement of an appropriate exposure standard. Present federal standard based on percent silica range from allowable exposure of 33ÃŽ ¼g/m3 to 98 ÃŽ ¼g/m3 free silica. These levels should be unified to a single standard that provide protecting against silicosis over working lifetime. iii. Coal Dust Most effective prevention strategy for Coal-worker’s pneumoconiosis is declining coal dust level to 2mg/m3. In addition efforts should be made to increase the awareness of dust control techniques among small-scale operations. c. Education and Training An education program must be targeted to future engineers and managers to increase the appropriate use of control techniques. Involvement should be directed toward schools of engineering, public health, business, and vocational education. The occupational health professional must also trained and actively involved as a ‘change agent’ in trying to improve working environments and developing informed worker and management groups. The educational program of occupational health professionals should include special emphasis on epidemiology, biostatistics, industrial sanitation and safety, toxicology, and occupational health. Professionals need to learn what the work environment is, how to assess the work exposure, and how to control them. Proper use of engineering controls and professional protective devices is necessary component of such education. Government and local health departments can offer a ready source of expertise such as physicians, nurses, sanitarians, epidemiologists. These departments and primary care physicians should be used to identify small and local plant problems. Primary care physicians should be taught to recognize work related diseases as part as of their medical training. d. Incentive Systems Although workers’ compensation lows do provide some financial relief for disabled workers, they are essentially applied only after existing prevention system have failed and when physical therapies are non-existent. For this reason, and because the individual state compensation lows are diverse, significant modifications to present system will not be achievable as part of prevention strategy. Economic incentives, such as lower insurance premiums, should be explored as a means for industry to implement new controls. e. Respirators Respirators and other personal protective devices should not be considered a primary control mechanism because they depend on human intervention. Worker-Oriented Strategies a. Health Promotion and Smoking Smoking is strongly associated with many lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Moreover, smoking has an additive effect on risk for chronic bronchitis in workers exposed to coal mine and other dusts, and it acts synergistically with asbestos to increase the risk of lung cancer. So that management and workers should work together to develop appropriate non-smoking policies such as; prohibit smoking at work places with sufficient disincentives for those who do not comply, Distribute information on health promotion and the harmful effects of smoking and etc. b. Worker Knowledge of Exposure and Control Measures Workers should be specifically informed of the hazards to which they are exposed and the control measures available. This should be accomplished by employers distribution information to employees and by public education at school level. Workers right to know lows should be enacted to ensure that workers exposed to hazardous substances, such as silica and asbestos, are informed and aware of the importance of control measures. c. Disease Surveillance Disease surveillance oriented toward the worker is design to discover those workers who may be at increased risk if exposure continues. This increased risk may result from pre-existing condition, early development of disease, or hyper susceptibility to a particular agent. When these workers are identified some form of intervention is warranted, usually involving a reduction of further exposure. Control Occupational Lung Diseases For some diseases there is no treatment other than improving the patient’s current health and preventing further exposure. Early detection of occupational lung disease is often difficult, in part because in many cases, the latent period is long (eg, 15years for chronic silicosis and over 30 years for some asbestos related cancers). In addition, symptoms are often nonspecific and may not appear till disease well advanced. 01. Management of occupational asthma Approximately two-thirds of patients don’t achieve full symptomatic healing and approximately three-quarters have persistent non-specific bronchial hyper responsiveness. After the diagnosis nearly one third of the patients with OA are unemployed up to few years. 02. Management of Mesothelioma The therapy is focused towards relieving of symptoms. Highly selected patients can be prepared for radical surgery. Also the chemotherapy gives a small survival benefit of nearly three months. Pleural effusions can be managed with drain age and pleurodesis. 03. Management of Silicosis All the patients who suffer from silicosis should be screened for active or latent tuberculosis infection. They are also evaluated for other tuberculosis risk factors. (Eg: HIV infection). There was no drug has been found to stop the progression of disease. 04. Management of hypersensitivity pneumonitis Treatments include be away from source of the exposure and eradication of any residual antigens to prevent re-exposure. Self-limited exposure or if the exposure is short term complete recovery can be expected from most of the patents. But the patients with long –term exposure will suffer from permanent damage to the lungs.

Current Status Of Malaria Vaccinology Essay -- essays research papers

Current Status of Malaria Vaccinology In order to assess the current status of malaria vaccinology one must first take an overview of the whole of the whole disease. One must understand the disease and its enormity on a global basis. Malaria is a protozoan disease of which over 150 million cases are reported per annum. In tropical Africa alone more than 1 million children under the age of fourteen die each year from Malaria. From these figures it is easy to see that eradication of this disease is of the utmost importance. The disease is caused by one of four species of Plasmodium These four are P. falciparium, P .malariae, P .vivax and P .ovale. Malaria does not only effect humans, but can also infect a variety of hosts ranging from reptiles to monkeys. It is therefore necessary to look at all the aspects in order to assess the possibility of a vaccine. The disease has a long and complex life cycle which creates problems for immunologists. The vector for Malaria is the Anophels Mosquito in which the life cycle of Malaria both begins and ends. The parasitic protozoan enters the bloodstream via the bite of an infected female mosquito. During her feeding she transmits a small amount of anticoagulant and haploid sporozoites along with saliva. The sporozoites head directly for the hepatic cells of the liver where they multiply by asexual fission to produce merozoites. These merozoites can now travel one of two paths. They can go to infect more hepatic liver cells or they can attach to and penetrate erytherocytes. When inside the erythrocytes the plasmodium enlarges into uninucleated cells called trophozites The nucleus of this newly formed cell then divides asexually to produce a schizont, which has 6-24 nuclei. Now the multinucleated schizont then divides to produce mononucleated merozoites . Eventually the erythrocytes reaches lysis and as result the merozoites enter the bloodstream and infect more erythrocytes. This cycle repeats itself every 48-72 hours (depending on the species of plasmodium involved in the original infection) The sudden release of merozoites toxins and erythrocytes debris is what causes the fever and chills associated with Malaria. Of course the disease must be able to transmit itself for survival. This is done at the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Occasionally merozoites differentiate into macrogametocytes and microgametocyt... ...ereas the prevailing wisdom required T cells as well in order to achieve protective immunity. Sceptics also pounced on the elaborate and painstaking process of elimination Patarroyo used to find the right peptides. He took 22 "immunologically interesting" proteins from the malaria parrasite, which he identified using antibodies from people immune to malaria, and injected these antigens into monkeys and eventually found four that provided some immunity to malaria. He then sequenced these four antigens and reconstructed dozens of short fragments of them. Again using monkeys (more than a thousand) he tested these peptides individually and in combination until he hit on what he considered to be the jackpot vaccine. But the WHO a 31% rate to be in the grey area and so there is still no decision on its use. In conclusion it is obvious that malaria is proving a difficult disease to establish an effective and cheap vaccine for in that some tests and inconclusive and others while they seem to work do not reach a high enough standard. But having said that I hope that a viable vaccine will present itself in the near future (with a little help from the scientific world of course).

Lakme Cosmetics Essay

Lakme is one of the cosmetic brands of the Unilever Bangladesh Ltd offers to the target market. The survey has been conducted to know cognitive components, affective components and behavioral components of the consumers in Dhaka city. Our sample size is 50. These respondents are from different professional such as Student, Housewife, Private Service holder, Public service holder and other professions. Among 50 respondents, 31 or 62% respondents are from the age of 16 years to 25years, 16 respondents from 26 to 35 and 3 respondents from 36 to 45 years and 31 respondents from 16 to 25 years use lipstick, 16 respondents from 26 to 35 years use lipstick and lastly 3 respondents from 36 to 45 respondents use lipstick. Maximum respondents are from lower higher class. According to our research 50% of the total respondents go to beauty parlor once a month, about 12% of the respondents go twice a month, 18% of the respondents go twice a week, 6% of the respondents go once a week, 7% of the re spondents go not in fix time interval. 36% of the total respondents watch TV or movies. In case of buying habit 54% of the respondents buy lipstick once a month, about 18% of the respondents buy lipstick twice an month, around 12% of the respondents buy lipstick twice a week and 16% of the respondents buy lipstick in different occasions. The respondents are a bit colorful, Organized, Moderate stylish, changing oriented, a bit youthful, somewhat rational, a bit formal, like to dominate, little bit calm. The schematic memory of the lakme is quite positive. Respondents perceive the lakme lipstick as Hygienic, Modern Outlook, Long Lasting, Fascinating, Bright, Color, Elegance, Distinct, High Price, High Class, Prestigious, Assured Quality, Fantastic, Satisfaction, and Best Quality. According to perceptual mapping Lakme has a strong brand image than Revlon and Loreal. Since weighted mean of lakme is 0.326 and the weighed mean of Revlon is 0.562 Lakme is closer to Ideal brand than Revlon and thus attitudes toward Lakme lipstick very favorable than attitudes toward Revlon lipsticks. Lakme has favorable emotion towards its lipstick. As per our research about 54% of the target market use Lakme and most of them will buy it next time. So it reveals the positive behavioral components of attitude in the mind of the consumers. Finally Lakme can change the cognitive attitudes by changing belief, adding belief, shifting importance  and changing ideal and through classical conditioning, mere exposure lakme can change the affective components of customers. And operant conditioning needs to alter behavioral components of the consumers. Background of the Report: Our course instructor Mr, Farhan Faruqui has recommended us to prepare a report on Lakme which will be regarded as the term paper for the Spring 2008 semester on the 7th April 2008. The report was supposed to find linkage among real-life advertisements by Lakme lipstick and the theories taught in the classes of the course of Consumer Behavior. Statement of the problem: the report will try to answer the following questions: †¢ Is Bangladesh Unilever Ltd, applying the theories of Consumer Behavior in their Marketing activities? †¢ Are the methods effective? †¢ Do the consumers like their marketing activities? †¢ What is Lakme lipstick’s position compared to other brands? †¢ What else Unilever Bangladesh Ltd could do to ensure future success? Statement of Purpose: the report will serve the following purposes †¢ Defining the practical application of theories of consumer behavior evident in Lakme lipstick’s marketing activities. †¢ Explaining the effectiveness of Lakme lipstick’s marketing activities. †¢ Presenting a total picture regarding consumer feedback and responses. †¢ Describing lakme lipstick’s position in the market. †¢ Proposing few suggestions for lakme lipsticks that will ensure long-term success for Lakme. Scope of the report: this report has been prepared with in the following parameters †¢ The Report covers the marketing activities for Lipstick offered by Lakme by Unilever Bangladesh. †¢ Throughout the survey, emphasis was given to female members of the market. †¢ The Report is primarily based on customer feedback derived from the survey which might not represent the actual information due to sampling error. †¢ The survey is  conducted in the Dhaka city as well as other developed cities. Methodology: this marketing report has been prepared based on primary data. This is basically a qualitative analysis. We have chosen non-comparative scaling technique because we wanted to measure the influence of each and every factor. Only by Non-comparative scaling technique we can do that. And among two types non-comparative technique we used itemize technique and between three itemize techniques we took Likert scaling for Affective components and semantic scale for cognitive components which range from 1 to 5 point scaling. Then after screening we have finally set sets of questions in our questionnaire. Our target population has been the female of Dhaka city and other developed cities in Bangladesh. We have chosen probability sampling. We are four members in our group. As we have been assigned to collect data, we have gone to the target market and got the questionnaires filled up by the females. And to analyze to data we use SPSS application. We analyze data by frequency distribution, different types of diagram and multiple variables comparison. Limitation: Like every research it has also some limitation. Among them time is the most significant constraint that affected our research very much. Within this short time it s was quite impossible to make this sort of research. We had only around 15 days to prepare a research which is quite impossible. Among the other constraints next significant was target market who was reluctant to fill the questionnaires. The product has been a low-involvement one so target market has been reluctant to answer them. There has been a lack of co-ordination among the group member. May be data does not represent the actual population. Organizational Background: This segment will provide a short description concerning the Unilever Bangladesh ltd. The segment will include the following topics- company background, mission statement, company objectives, company location. Company Background: The origin dates back to 1964, when the first Manufacturing Operations were set up as a part of Lever Brothers Pakistan operations. After independence, it was incorporated as a separate Company under the laws of Bangladesh. Later on the Company diversified into different categories. Unilever is a multinational company but for our term paper we are interested in Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. Over the last four decades, Unilever Bangladesh has been constantly bringing new and world-class products for the Bangladeshi people to remove the daily drudgery of life. Over 90% of the country’s households use one or more of Unilever’s products. Unilever Bangladesh conducts their operations with honesty, integrity and openness, and with respect for the human rights and interests of their employees. They will similarly respect the legitimate interests of those with whom they have relationships. Unilever companies and their employees are required to comply with the laws and regulations of the countries in which they operate. Employees: Unilever is committed to diversity in a working environment where there is mutual trust and respect and where everyone feels responsible for the performance and reputation of their company. They will recruit, employ and promote employees on the sole basis of the qualifications and abilities needed for the work to be performed. They are committed to safe and healthy working conditions for all employees. They will not use any form of forced, compulsory or child labor. They are committed to working with employees to develop and enhance each individual’s skills and capabilities. They respect the dignity of the individual and the right of employees to freedom of association. They will maintain good communications with employees through company based information and consultation procedures. Unilever Operations in Bangladesh provide employment to over 10,000 people directly and through its dedicated suppliers, distributors and service providers. 99.5% of UBL employees are locals and they have equal number of Bangladeshis working abroad in other Unilever companies as expatriates Consumers: Unilever is committed to providing branded products and services which  consistently offer value in terms of price and quality, and which are safe for their intended use. Products and services will be accurately and properly labeled, advertised and communicated. Shareholders: Unilever will conduct its operations in accordance with internationally accepted principles of good corporate governance. They will provide timely, regular and reliable information on their activities, structure, financial situation and performance to all shareholders. Business partners: Unilever is committed to establishing mutually beneficial relations with their suppliers, customers and business partners. In their business dealings they expect their partners to adhere to business principles consistent with their own. Community involvement: Unilever strives to be a trusted corporate citizen and, as an integral part of society, to fulfill their responsibilities to the societies and communities in which they operate. Public activities: Unilever companies are encouraged to promote and defend their legitimate business interests. Unilever will co-operate with governments and other organizations, both directly and through bodies such as trade associations, in the development of proposed legislation and other regulations which may affect legitimate business interests. Unilever neither supports political parties nor contributes to the funds of groups whose activities are calculated to promote party interests. The environment: Unilever is committed to making continuous improvements in the management of their environmental impact and to the longer-term goal of developing a sustainable business. Unilever will work in partnership with others to promote environmental care, increase understanding of environmental issues and disseminate good practice. Competition: Unilever believes in vigorous yet fair competition and supports the development of appropriate competition laws. Unilever companies and employees will conduct their operations in accordance with the principles of fair competition and all applicable regulations. Business integrity: Unilever does not give or receive, whether directly or indirectly, bribes or other improper advantages for business or financial gain. No employee may offer, give or receive any gift or payment which is, or may be construed as being, a bribe. Any demand for, or offer of, a bribe must be rejected immediately and reported to management. Unilever accounting records and supporting documents must accurately describe and reflect the nature of the underlying transactions. No undisclosed or unrecorded account, fund or asset will be established or maintained. Mission Statement: â€Å"Our mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life.† This is the mission statement of the Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. Brands: Unilever Bangladesh has several brands in the market. Those are Wheel, Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair & Lovely, Pond’s, Close Up, Sunsilk, Lipton Taaza, Pepsodent, Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, Rexona, Dove, Vaseline & Lakme. Type of business: Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company with local manufacturing facilities, reporting to regional business groups for innovation and business results. Constitution: Authority of the conducting the company is still in hand of Unilever. Unilever owns 60.75% of the total share and Bangladesh government owns 39.25% of the total share Objective: Their purpose in Unilever is to meet the everyday needs of people everywhere – to anticipate the aspirations their consumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life. Their deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are their unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for their future growth. They will bring their wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers – a truly multi-local multinational company. Their long-term success requires a total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously. They believe that to succeed requires the highest standards of corporate behavior towards their employees, consumers and the societies and world in which they live. This is Unilever’s road to sustainable, profitable growth for their business and long-term value creation for their shareholders and employees.. Company Location: The company has a Soap Manufacturing factory and a Personal Products Factory located in Chittagong. Besides these, there is a tea packaging operation in Chittagong and three manufacturing units in Dhaka, which are owned and run by third parties exclusively dedicated to Unilever Bangladesh Target Market Parameters: 1. Demographic Factors: Demography is the scientific study of characteristics and dynamics pertaining  to the human population. The characteristics encompassed by this study include size, growth rate, density, vital statistics, and distribution of a specified population. Demography is widely used for various purposes and can encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations. The target market can be divided based on demographic variables. Demographic variables encompasses various aspect of an human such as Age, Gender, Family size, Family lifecycle, baby-boomers, Income, Occupation, Education, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, Social class etc. To be successful as marketer one must understand the demographic factors of the population. 1.1: Age and Sex: Normally consumers’ needs and wants change with age. There are certain types of products which attract different types of aged people as well as different sex. There some product which attract male people and there are some products which get the attention of female people. In the same one there are some products which get attracted by the mature people and there are other types of product which attract the child. Therefore products like Lipstick attract the female people or segment. In case of Lakme lipstick the target market is urban female and other developed cities like Dhaka, Shylet, Chittagong e.t.c. although the targeted age is somewhere between 16 years and 45 years. It may be seen that male are buying the lipstick but the ultimate users are female. As a result our majority of targeted respondents are female. The proportion of the male and female respondents in the survey is like this. Figure1.1: Gender analysis According to Figure 1.1 the majority of the respondents are Female. Among 50 respondent female is 43 in case of percentage about 86% of the total sample. So from this Figure 1.1 it can be understood that the survey has been got answered by right people. Figure 1.2: Age analysis Figure1.2 is showing the age structure which has been used for our survey. Among 50 respondents, 31 or 62% respondents are from the age of 16 years to  25years, 16 respondents from26 to 35 and 3 respondents from 36 to 45 years. These respondents will give us the information about Lakme lipstick. They will inform us about Cognitive component, affective component as well as behavioral component of the Lakme lipstick. They will differentiate the lakme among the various lipsticks. Form their responses we will be able to understand the various aspect our research topic. Figure 1.3: Frequency of Brand According figure 1.2 among 50 respondents, 31 respondents from 16 to 25 years use lipstick, 16 respondents from 26 to 35 years use lipstick and lastly 3 respondents from 36 to 45 respondents use lipstick. So here we see the prime customer of lipstick is the people who fall in the range from 16 to 25. so Unilever Bangladesh Ltd should pay more attention on this segment as well as the segment range from 26 to 35. 1.2: Occupation: the purchasing behavior depends on the occupation of the individual. For our research we are simply interested about public service, private service, student, Housewife and for making our questionnaire non force we have kept an option blank. Figure 1.4: Occupation analysis Among 50 respondents, 25 are students, 17 are private service holders, 5 are public service holders. 1 is housewife and 2 are others. In case of percentages about 50% of the total respondents are students, 2% are housewife, 34% are private service holders, 10% are public service holders and 4% are from other occupation. So we have targeted the right people who generally use or buy lipsticks. The Unilever Bangladesh Ltd needs to be  serious about customer like student because this is the big portion of the lipstick users. Students basically use or buy lipstick frequently. They are the main customer of the lipstick. The Unilever Bangladesh Ltd has other potential segment like Private Service professional and public service professional to pay the attention. Because this second and third highest portion of the target market. These segments would be a profitable one for Lakme. Figure 1.5: Brand according to occupation According to above table 25 students use lipstick , 1 housewife uses lipstick, 17 Private service holders use lipstick, 5 public service holder use lipstick and 1 respondent from other profession use lipstick. So Lakme should seriously consider the segment of student since it is the main target market, the private service professionals as it is a great potential segment for Lakme and public service professionals. 1.3: Social Gathering: the respondents of the target market are generally do not like to attend the social gathering very often. Figure 1.6: Social gathering According to our research about 44% of respondent are generally attend the social gather once a month, around 34% of the respondents attend social gathering twice a month, 10% of the respondents are attend different time, 2%, 2% and 8% of the respondents attend the social gathering once a week, more than 4 a month and less than once a month respectively. Since they do not attend the social gathering the Lakme can organize a informal chats or road show with its target market to get the feedback and to spread the positive attributes of Lakme lipstick to others. 1.4: Income: Purchasing ability depends on the individual income. People tend to buy more who has very high income. It is proven that higher class of the society buys more than another. In our survey there are 16% respondents have the income 40000 and above, 24% respondents have the income between 30000 to 40000, 30% respondents have the income between 20000 to 30000 and 14%, 14% and 2% of the total respondents have the income somewhere between 10000 to 20000, below 10000 and no income respectively. Figure 1.7: Distribution of the income According to figure 1.6 among 50 respondents, 8 respondents have the income of 40000 and above, 12 respondents have income between 30000 to 40000, 15 respondents have the income between 20000 to 30000, 7 respondents have the income between 10000 to 20000, 7 respondents have the income less than 10000 and 1 respondent does not have any income. Figure 1.8: Buying behavior according to income The individuals have the income 20000 to 30000 are very much eager to buy lipstick The target market who have income 30000 to 40000 and above 40000 are also interested to buy the lipstick. So Lakme should maintain the customer segment of who have income between 20000 and 30000 and also to influence the segment like who have income between 30000 and 40000 and above 40000. Leisure: Member of the target market does have variety in their leisure time. They just make them busy with numerous activities which they do often. Figure 1.9: Leisure activities According to figure 1.8 most of our target markets spend their time at home during the leisure time and some of them tend to go out in the leisure time. From above frequency distribution it has been found that about 36% of the total respondent watch TV or movies during the leisure time, about 16% of the respondents go to parties or concerts at leisure time, 2% play computer games, 10% of the respondents read story books at the leisure time, 6% of the respondents play outdoor games, 12% of the respondents hangout with their friends, 12% of the respondents read newspaper at the leisure time, 2% of the respondent travel at the leisure time and 2% of the total respondents do other thing during the leisure time. it is clear that most of the respondents enjoy their leisure time by watching TV or movies. So TV and electronic media has become main source of entertainment of the target markets. As Television has become the main source of entertainment at leisure time, Marketer can easily reach the target market. Newspaper can be an effective to reach the target markets. Unilever Bangladesh can publish or put their advertisement into those Television and Newspaper to efficiently manipulate the target markets. Going beauty parlor: Every one likes to be looked beautiful. In case of female this statement is the most appropriate one. The female segments like to go to Beauty parlor.

NVJDH essays

NVJDH essays The Northern Virginia Juvenile Detention Home The Northern Virginia Juvenile Detention Home was established to provide safe, secure custody for juveniles being charged with a crime, or are awaiting court action. The majority of children are held pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency. A few children may be held temporarily for as long as three months. Currently the referrals come from the Juvenile Courts of Arlington, Alexandria, and Falls Church. In 1960, Northern Virginia built the home for the sole purpose of housing all of its juvenile delinquents. Over the course of thirty years, the home's size became the cause for concern to the Juvenile courts. Although there had only been one escape in the prior thirty years, The Juvenile Detention Commission of Northern Virginia felt that the home was too small. To deal with the growing cause for concern, a second detention center was built in Fairfax City. This home was to serve most of Fairfax County, splitting the duties with the older, original Northern Virginia Juvenile Detention Home. Formerly the NVJDH housed up to 80 youths in its one and only building. After splitting from Fairfax in 1992, the home increased its size by adding two newer, more modern buildings. Although larger and more modern, the newer home was built just to house up to sixty juveniles. There are quarters for up to fifty boys and ten girls. The judicial process for a juvenile charged with a crime, and awaiting court, begins at the NVJDH. The detention and judicial process is split up into three sections. These three sections most frequently add up to an automatic thirteen months of Detention home and court procedures. For the first three months on the juvenile's detention, it is spent in the NVJDH. This is where the juvenile receive social, emotional, cognitive, and other therapeutic recreation until their court hearing. If found guilty of the charge or charg...